三峡地区大学生膳食调查与分析

目的：为开展大学生膳食营养教育提供依据。方法：采用记录和询问相结合的方法对301名大学生进行膳食调查。结果：男生的膳食营养状况比女生好。男生对热能、磷、铁、维生素A和维生素B1的摄入量均超过推荐量（Recommended Nutrient Intake，RNI），蛋白质达到RNI的94％，但钙、维生素B2和维生素C摄入不足，分别达到RNI的54％、71％、69％。女生磷、铁、维生素B1的摄取量超过RNI，维生素A达到RNI的90％，基本满足需要，但蛋白质、能量、钙、维生素B2和维生素C分别达到RNI量的76％、78％、57％和54％。男女生摄入的优质蛋白质均达到总摄入量的41％。男女生均有早上餐能量过低，晚餐量过高的现象。结论：大学生的膳营养水平比以往有所提高，但某些营养素仍严重缺乏，应加强对大学生的膳食营养教育。     

女性服刑人员精神创伤的特征

目的调查女性服刑人员精神创伤的特征。方法在湖南新路职业学校中,采用多级随机整群抽样的原则抽取471个女性服刑人员,分青少年组（年龄≤25岁）和成年组（〉25岁）。运用创伤性生活事件问卷（TLEQ）和访谈相结合的技术评估她们的精神创伤经历。结果（1）90.4%的女性服刑人员至少经历1件创伤性事件,63.7%至少经历3件或以上的多重创伤。青少年组的事件数量多于成年组（平均为4和3件,P〈0.01）。暴力和毒品相关犯罪组的事件数量相当（平均4件）,都多于经济犯罪组（2件）;中学或相当教育程度者的事件数量最多（4件）,大专或以上者最少（2件）;未婚、离婚/丧偶2组经历的事件数量最多（4件）,已婚组最少（2件）,均差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。（2）最多见的创伤类型是机动车祸（46.9%）、目睹家庭暴力（46.1%）和被抢劫（38.9%）。16.7%的女犯在18岁以前遭遇过性虐待。与成年组相比,青少年组经历了更多的创伤类型为被抢劫、目睹被惨打、目睹家庭暴力,以及儿童期性虐待。结论我国文化背景下,女性服刑人员的精神创伤经历相当普遍,是精神创伤的潜在受害者。     

Substantia nigra lesions in mercaptopropionic acid induced status epilepticus: a light and electron microscopic study

Summary Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes of substantia nigra were studied in paralyzed ventilated rats with status epilepticus induced by mercaptopropionic acid. Some rats were killed at the end of seizure activity and others were examined in varying intervals after the arrest of seizure. The earliest changes were reduction in the size of the neuronal nuclei and chromatin clumping followed by simultaneous distention of axons and dendrites. There was also enlargement of the neuronal perikarya associated with microvacuolation. This neuronal microvacuolation corresponded ultrastructurally to swollen mitochondria with disrupted cristae. These changes were followed by progressive neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling. The swollen astrocytic processes together with swollen neurites gave a spongy appearance to the involved area. The lesion thereafter progressively enlarged and evolved into an area of frank necrosis containing abundant macrophages. This lesion is morphologically different from that produced in cortex and hippocampus by seizure activity or due to the direct effect of excitotoxins. The significance of substantia nigra pars reticularis changes and their pathogenesis are discussed.     

医学生营养知识与膳食状况调查

①目的了解医学生营养知识的掌握情况及对教育传播方式的需求意见，以加强营养知识教育，改善大学生的健康素质。②方法对762名在校大学生进行问卷调查。③结果医学院在校生对营养知识及常识掌握深度和广度都不够，但渴求得到营养知识的欲望比较高，对营养知识的重要性认识正确。有73．6％的学生认为营养知识对生活很重要。87．2％的学生愿意接受营养知识的教育，对营养知识教育的传播方式也表现出特有的需求意向。大学生的膳食结构不够合理，奶类、薯类、鱼虾禽类、豆制品摄入不足。④结论应加强医学生营养知识教育，使医学生做到科学合理的安排膳食，改善饮食行为，促进身体健康。     

Haemophilia in the developing world: successes,frustrations and opportunities

Summary. There is a need to bridge key gaps between high‐ and low‐income countries and individuals; between health policy and clinical practice; and between producers and users of healthcare technology and scientific evidence. The objective of this report was to perform a diagnosis of the situation in the developing world through a survey. This survey was conducted to gather specific information on various aspects related to haemophilia. Countries were chosen by their comparability in infant and adult mortality rates according to the regionalization proposed by the World Health Organization. These indicators are very sensitive to socioeconomic conditions, and have been widely used to study health inequalities. All regions, except Africa and the East Mediterranean, were represented. Africa was excluded because its indicators were not comparable. The East Mediterranean was not represented because of difficulties in contacting investigators. Twenty‐one country representatives were contacted, and 11 answered the questionnaire. Successes obtained by developing countries are based more on the skills and creativity of the local professionals than on the availability of state‐of‐the‐art technology. Frustrations were related to disease underregistration and the limited availability of treatment products. Haemophilia care in the developing world is not as fair as we would like it to be. Governments do not always cover treatment costs, and a very small percentage of the national health budgets is alotted to haemophilia care. The role of the World Federation of Hemophilia was considered crucial by all the investigators surveyed. Training programmes and supply of factor concentrates were the main contributions identified by the respondents.     

Treatment of Status Epilepticus in Adults: Guidelines of the Italian League Against Epilepsy

Summary:  Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. SE is differentiated into generalized or partial SE on the basis of its electro-clinical manifestations. The guidelines for the management of SE produced by the Italian League against Epilepsy also distinguish three different stages of SE (initial, established and refractory), based on time elapsed since the onset of the condition and responsiveness to previously administered drugs. Treatment should be started as soon as possible, particularly in generalized convulsive SE, and should include general support measures, drugs to suppress epileptic activity and, whenever possible, treatments aimed at relieving the underlying (causative) condition. Benzodiazepines are the first line antiepileptic agents, and i.v. lorazepam is generally preferred because it is associated with a lower risk of early relapses. If benzodiazepines fail to control seizures, i.v. phenytoin is usually indicated, though i.v. phenobarbital or i.v. valproate may also be considered. Refractory SE requires admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) to allow adequate monitoring and support of respiratory, metabolic and hemodynamic functions and cerebral electrical activity. In refractory SE, general anesthesia may be required. Propofol and thiopental represent first line agents in this setting, after careful assessment of potential risks and benefits.     

广西武鸣华侨农场心血管病危险因素的调查研究

对广西武鸣华侨农场4158人进行基线普查,410人进行膳食调查和作8小时夜尿电解质测定,并将高血压低发区广西的资料与高发区的北京作对比.结果显示,体重指数高是高血压一个重要的危险因素,而体重过重又与膳食中摄入碳水化合物和总热量大有关.另一主要的危险因素是钠,膳食中摄入钠高,尿Na和Na/K比值高者,血压水平和高血压的患病率亦高.     

门诊抗菌药物使用调查

目的了解医院门诊抗菌药物应用情况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法抽查2006年1月至11月份门诊处方18163张，统计抗菌药物使用情况，并评价其合理性。结果含抗菌药物处方5809张，占总处方数31．98％。头孢菌素类药物使用率最高，其次为喹诺酮类。给药途径主要为口服给药。结论抗菌药物应用基本合理，但使用中存在一些问题，应引起重视。     

阳城县居民吸烟状况调查分析

对阳城县3646名15岁以上人群吸烟状况分析表明,男性吸烟率63.71％,女性吸烟率0.64％,男女合计吸烟率31.49％,并对不同年龄、职业、文化程度与吸烟率的关系进行了分析。吸烟心理动机:“烟草成瘾”占32.06％,“消遣”占28.48％,“解除疲劳”占16.90％,“交际”占22.56％。吸烟人群的4周患病率和慢性病患病率均高于不吸烟人群,两组差别有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.001)。     

621名大学生艾滋病相关知识的调查分析

目的了解大学生对AIDS病的认识程度.方法通过问卷,对621名大学生的有关AIDS病相关知识、信息了解、现况掌握等情况进行摸底,并对调查结果进行统计分析.结果该校大学生在AIDS病的相关知识方面较为贫乏;对AIDS病的认识程度各专业学生之间有一定差异,本科和专科学生之间的差异并不明显.结论大学生的AIDS病知识薄弱,学校健康教育亟需加强.