Fecal stream is essential for adaptive induction of glucose-coupled sodium transport in the remnant ileum after total proctocolectomy

Our previous studies demonstrated that sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) was induced in the remnant ileum of total colectomized rats via the action of factors other than hyperaldosteronism. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether fecal stream is required for the enhancement of SGLT-1-mediated sodium transport. Twenty-seven pairs of ileal tissues were obtained from the proximal and distal side, respectively, of loop ileostomy after total proctocolectomy. Mucosae were mounted in an Ussing chamber to evaluate glucose-coupled sodium transport. Levels of SGLT-1 mRNA in proximal and distal mucosae were compared by Northern blotting. Villous height and crypt depth were measured to test for correlations between mucosal structure and SGLT-1-mediated sodium transport or mRNA expression levels. Both glucose-coupled sodium transport and expression of SGLT-1 mRNA were significantly lower in distal mucosae relative to proximal mucosae. In distal mucosae, villous height, but not crypt depth, was significantly lower than in proximal mucosae, demonstrating a positive correlation between villous height and SGLT-1 function and expression. Comparative studies of proximal and distal mucosae demonstrated that in addition to hormonal changes, fecal stream is required for full induction of the sodium transport system (which includes SGLT-1-mediated transport) in the remnant ileum following total proctocolectomy. Presented in part at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–19, 2005 (poster presentation). This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research 10557118 and 14657295 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan to K. Fukushima, and by Kanae Foundation to K. Fukushima.     

Geriatric care on a ward without nurses

The Multiphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure (MEAP; Moos and Lemke, 1984) was used to assess three long-stay settings within a geriatric hospital, one of which is a non-nursing unit committed to the philosophy of residents viewing the setting as their own home. Findings suggest positive outcomes for residents on the nonnursing unit, and support the view that types of care fostering independence and personal responsibility of elderly residents in their setting may be associated with increased mental functioning and activity. The lack of trained nursing staff had no detrimental effect on any measure of resident life, and some specific caring practices on the unit may be interpreted as having a positive outcome for residents.     

Graves病的发病与社会心理因素

对１０７例甲状腺机能亢进症患者和９１名正常人采用艾森克个性问卷及自编社会环境的调查显示：４６．９４％的患者起病前有负性生活事件发生，个性特征甲亢组神经不稳定型及掩饰性评分显著高于正常组，有显著性差异，此结果提示甲亢患者存在明显个性缺陷和负性生活事件，这些因素可作为甲亢发病的一种诱因。     

Support networks and dementia

Based on data from a sample of 4500+ people aged 65+ living in the community (ie not in residential care) in Liverpool, this article presents data on the availability of kin and levels of contact with family, friends neighbours and community groups, and compares the distribution of support network types of those identified as cases of dementia with non-cases. It is shown that dementia sufferers are more likely to live with others and to have more contact with family members and less contact with friends, neighbours and community groups than non-sufferers. It is also shown that the distribution of network type is distinctively different for cases and non-cases and it is suggested that this reflects the greater ability of some types of network to support continued community residence in the face of the onset of dementia.     

大学生自我和谐与社交焦虑的相关研究

目的探讨大学生的自我和谐与交往焦虑的特点和关系。方法采用自我和谐量表和交往焦虑量表对310名大学生进行调查。结果男生在自我灵活性和自我和谐上得分低于女生（P〈0．01），研究生在自我灵活性上得分低于本科生（P〈0．01），理科生在社交焦虑上得分低于文科生（P〈0．05）；高自我和谐组在社交焦虑上得分低于低自我和谐组（P〈0．05）；从总体上看，社交焦虑与自我与经验的不和谐、自我刻板性、总体的自我和谐均呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论大学生的自我和谐和社交焦虑之间均存在相关，自我和谐对社交焦虑具有良好的预测作用。     

社交焦虑障碍患者父母的人格特征和心理健康状况调查

目的探索社交焦虑障碍(SAD)患者父母的人格特征和心理健康状况。方法设研究组(SAD患者的父母)和对照组。入组时按要求进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCL-90)评定。结果SAD患者的父母在EPQ量表测验中的内外向因子标准分低于对照组;SAD患者的父母SCL-90各项因子除强迫和敌对因子,标准分低于对照组。结论SAD患者的父母的人格特征倾向内向,易安静、内省、离群、不喜欢接触人;SAD患者的父母更容易表现出躯体化症状、人际交往的困惑、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖和偏执。     

A longitudinal study of vergence adaptation in incipient presbyopia

BACKGROUND: To investigate vergence adaptation during the incipient phase of presbyopia, when the amplitude of accommodation approaches the level where the first reading addition is required. The study aimed to assess the ability of the vergence system to counteract changes in the component contributions to the overall vergence response with the decline in the amplitude of accommodation in presbyopia, although previous reports on the nature of changes in accommodative, tonic and proximal vergence are equivocal. METHODS: Using a 'flashed' Maddox rod technique, an assessment of vergence adaptation to 6delta base-out and 6delta base-in prism was made for 28 subjects (aged 35-45 years at the commencement of the study). The measurements were taken four times over a 2-year period. RESULTS: Using a repeated measures analysis of variance, the results show that with the decline in amplitude of accommodation, there is a statistically significant reduction in the magnitude of vergence adaptation to both base-out (p < 0.05) and base-in prism (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that with ageing, there is a decrease in the ability of the slow vergence mechanism to overcome a change in fusional vergence demand and would suggest that either the fast component of fusional vergence must cope with any change in fusional vergence demand or that the sum of the accommodative, tonic and proximal vergence responses are virtually stable with age.     

中学生社会比较特点及其与学业成绩的关系

目的了解中学生的社会比较特点及其与学业成绩的关系,为开展学生心理健康教育提供参考。方法采用问卷法,调查重庆市某中学392名中学生的社会比较和学业成绩。结果不同学业成绩水平中学生的社会比较倾向差异无统计学意义;学业成绩优异中学生更倾向于上行认同、平行认同的比较方式,而学业成绩较差中学生更倾向于上行对比、下行认同的比较方式。中学生更倾向于作出认同反应,且偏好反映在上行、平行和下行方向上。性别因素在社会比较倾向和具体比较方式上的选择主效应不显著;年级因素在社会比较倾向和某些具体比较方式上主效应显著,表现为中学生的社会比较倾向和对上行认同、平行认同、下行认同的选择随年级上升而趋于降低。结论中学生的社会比较与学业成绩之间存在特定对应关系,应有针对性地开展教育。     

十二指肠溃疡生活事件及社会支持的对照研究

目的 探讨十二指肠溃疡与生活事件及社会支持的关系。方法 采用生活事件量表（LES），社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对十二指肠溃疡患者（58例）与健康对照（67例）进行问卷测试与评价分析。结果 十二指肠溃疡患者在生活事件里正性刺激量，负性刺激量和总刺激量都明显高于健康对照组，十二指肠溃疡患者受到的主观支持比一般人群多；而客观支持比一般人群少，但十二指肠溃疡患者受到的总支持量并不比一般人多，而且，十二指肠溃疡患者对支持的利用度也不比一般人高。结论 十二指肠溃疡患者有明显的生活事件和不足的社会支持，对生活事件的刺激尤为敏感。     

Social class and obesity in 12-year-old children in Brussels: Influence of gender and ethnic origin

From their school health files, the body mass index of 2607 children, 1268 boys and 1339 girls, from the Brussels region of Belgium was analysed. The aim was to study the relationship between obesity and social class, gender and nationality. In Belgian girls, the lower their social class, the higher was the prevalence and severity of obesity. There was no such significant relationship in Belgian boys, nor in immigrant children of either sex, although the overall prevalence of obesity was similar in all groups. These results question certain hypotheses proposed to explain the relationship between social class and obesity. Conclusion From early adolescence on, social inequality influences the prevalence of obesity in Belgian girls, but not in Belgian boys nor in immigrant children. Prevention of obesity should take into account the influence of gender, social class and ethnic origin. Received: 21 January 1997 and in revised form: 30 September 1997 / Accepted: 21 October 1997