大学生人格的年级变异性

目的探讨大学生人格变化与所处年级的关系。方法采用卡特尔人格问卷(16PF)对浙江农林大学健康管理专业大一至大三104名学生进行为期一学年前后测评。结果①具有统计学显著性变异的人格因子一年级有:C(t=2.079,P<0.05)、E(t=-3.606,P<0.01)、G(t=-2.456,P<0.05)、L(t=-4.86,P<0.01)、Q3(t=2.447,P<0.05)、Q4(t=-2.893,P<0.01);二年级有:E(t=-3.438,P<0.01)、I(t=3.369,P<0.01)、X3(t=-3.747,P<0.01)、Y2(t=-2.5277,P<0.05);三年级有:E((t=-2.832,P<0.01)、M(t=-3.092,P<0.01)、Q1(t=-2.361,P<0.05)、X4(t=-4.629,P<0.01)、Y2(t=-2.603,P<0.05);②不同年级相比,变异程度大的人格因子主要有C(t=-2.103,P<0.05)、I(t=2.321,P<0.05)、X1(t=2.25,P<0.05)、X3(t=-2.052,P<0.05);Q4(t=2.081,P<0.05)、X4(t=-2.322～-2.143,P<0.05)。结论大学生人格变异具有年级特点,一年级人格因子值提高的有C、Q3;降低的有E、G、L、Q4;二年级提高的有I,降低的有E、X3、Y2;三年级人格因子值降低的有E、M、Q1、X4、Y2。并且,情绪性因子变异程度较大。     

灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素分析

目的:探讨灼口综合征患者心理健康状况及相关因素。方法:采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)以及医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)对60例灼口综合征患者和对照组进行测评。结果:灼口综合征患者抑郁、焦虑情绪明显高于对照组,"回避"和"屈服"应对方式与抑郁情绪呈正相关;精神质、神经质和掩饰性人格与抑郁、焦虑情绪呈正相关。结论:灼口综合征患者并发较高程度的抑郁、焦虑症状,同时不同人格类型与应对方式对其焦虑、抑郁有较大影响。     

Looking at the dark and bright sides of identity formation: New insights from adolescents and emerging adults in Japan

The aim of the present study was to gain new insights into the dark and bright sides of identity formation with a sample of 1851 Japanese adolescents and emerging adults, applying a three-dimensional model of identity formation (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment). By means of cluster analysis, we identified five statuses that strongly resembled statues extracted in prior research with Western youth: achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion, and searching moratorium. We found that each status reported a distinct profile in terms of personality and psychosocial problems. Importantly, we found that the searching moratorium status was adaptive in adolescence but not in emerging adulthood. These results suggest that the five statuses are replicable in Japanese adolescents and emerging adults, and that the searching moratorium status presents a combination of the bright and dark sides whose prevalence varies with age. Clinical implications for identity research and intervention programs are discussed.     

Physical health-related quality of life among older adults with personality disorders

Objectives: Personality Disorders (PDs) are associated with a multitude of negative consequences. The negative PD effects on health can be even more burdensome for older adults given the physical and social functioning changes that occur with age; however, the majority of research examining the influence of PDs focuses on younger adults. The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between PDs and physical health-related quality of life (PHRQoL) in adults over the age of 50.

Methods: Data for 16,884 adults ages 50 and older from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analyzed. Multiple linear regression models were analyzed to investigate the relationships of seven PDs and participants’ PHRQoL.

Results: All PDs except histrionic and avoidant PD had statistically significant negative associations with PHRQoL scores, indicating that respondents diagnosed with PDs were expected to have lower PHRQoL than those without PDs, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. When psychosocial covariates were added to the model, only dependent, obsessive-compulsive and paranoid PDs were significantly related to PHRQoL score.

Conclusions: For adults ages 50 and older, a diagnosis of PD was weakly associated with lower PHRQoL scores for three PDs, however this is unlikely to be a causal association. The strength of the relationship between PDs and PHRQoL varies by type of PD. Given the higher rates of functional and social changes that occur with age, future research should focus on potential causes of worse physical health among older adults with PDs.     

社会技能训练改良技术在精神分裂症患者中的应用

目的评价社会技能训练改良技术在精神分裂症患者中的应用价值并对其进行短期随访。方法选择宁波市康宁医院精神科2016年1月～2017年5月收治的80例精神分裂症患者为本次研究对象,采用EpiInfo(2000版)将患者随机分为对照组40例与观察组40例。对照组仅服用抗精神分裂药物,观察组在对照组基础上加行社会技能训练改良技术,干预结束后对比两组患者阳性与阴性症状评分量表(PANSS)评分、精神患者社会功能评定量表(SSPI)评分与简易人格问卷(NEO-FFI)评分,进行为期6个月随访,再次对比数据结果。结果干预结束后:PANSS评分两组患者阳性症状与一般症状方面数据比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),阴性症状与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SSPI评分各方面均有统计学意义(P0.05);NEO-FFI评分两组患者(N)、(E)、(A)、(C)数据比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。随访6个月:PANSS评分观察组3项症状评分均低于对照组,数据差异有统计学意义(P0.05);SSPI评分各方面均有统计学意义(P0.05);NEO-FFI评分两组患者(N)、(E)、(A)、(C)数据比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对精神分裂症患者开展社会技能训练改良技术能够显著改善患者阴性症状,提升社会功能及稳定人格特征,值得临床应用与基层医院推广。     

Suicide risk and suicide method in patients with personality disorders

ObjectiveThe influence of psychopathology on suicide method has revealed different distributions among different psychiatric disorders. However, evidence is still scarce. We hypothesized that having a diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) affect the suicide method, and that different PD clusters would influence the suicide method in different ways. In addition, we hypothesized that the presence of psychiatric and somatic co-morbidity also affects the suicide method.MethodWe examined 25,217 individuals aged 15–64 who had been hospitalized in Sweden with a main diagnosis of PD the years 1987–2013 (N = 25,217). The patients were followed from the date of first discharge until death or until the end of the follow-up period, i.e. December 31, 2013, for a total of 323,508.8 person-years, with a mean follow up time of 11.7 years. The SMR, i.e. the ratio between the observed number of suicides and the expected number of suicides, was used as a measure of risk.ResultsOverall PD, different PD-clusters, and comorbidity influenced the suicide method. Hanging evidenced highest SMR in female PD patients (SMR 34.2 (95% CI: 29.3–39.8)), as compared to non-PD patients and jumping among male PD patients (SMR 24.8 (95% CI: 18.3–33.6)), as compared to non PD-patients. Furthermore, the elevated suicide risk was related to both psychiatric and somatic comorbidity.ConclusionThe increased suicide risk was unevenly distributed with respect to suicide method and type of PD. However, these differences were only moderate and greatly overshadowed by the overall excess suicide risk in having PD. Any attempt from society to decrease the suicide rate in persons with PD must take these characteristics into account.     

女大学生个性特征、月经态度及性激素水平对经前期综合征的影响调查

目的探讨个性特征、月经态度及性激素水平对经前期综合征(PMS)的影响,为制定有效的防治措施提供参考依据。方法2018年10月-2019年1月,整群随机抽取某高校200名女大学生作为研究对象,运用经前期综合征量表(PMSS)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、月经态度量表(MAQ)进行调查并测定性激素水平。依据PMSS得分将研究对象分为非PMS组(PMSS≥6分,105例)和PMS组(PMSS<6分,89例)。结果89名(45.87%)发生PMS,以轻度为主(56名,62.92%),中度和重度分别占32.50%、4.49%;PMS组、非PMS组之间雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P)等性激素水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);PMS组、非PMS组之间MAQ、E量表得分(ET)及N量表得分(NT)比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论女大学生个性特征、月经态度与PMS的发生有一定的相关性,性激素水平与PMS的关系有待进一步探讨。     

GH response to intravenous clonidine challenge correlates with history of childhood trauma in personality disorder

BackgroundChildhood trauma is a risk factor for personality disorder. We have previously shown that childhood trauma is associated with increased central corticotrophin-releasing hormone concentration in adults with personality disorder. In the brain, the release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone can be stimulated by noradrenergic neuronal activity, raising the possibility that childhood trauma may affect the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis by altering brain noradrenergic function. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that childhood trauma is associated with blunted growth hormone response to the α-2 adrenergic autoreceptor agonist clonidine.MethodsAll subjects provided written informed consent. Twenty personality disordered and twenty healthy controls (without personality disorder or Axis I psychopathology) underwent challenge with clonidine, while plasma Growth Hormone (GH) concentration was monitored by intravenous catheter. On a different study session, subjects completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and underwent diagnostic interviews.ResultsContrary to our a priori hypothesis, childhood trauma was associated with enhanced GH response to clonidine. This positive relationship was present in the group of 40 subjects and in the subgroup 20 personality disordered subjects, but was not detected in the healthy control subjects when analyzed separately. The presence of personality disorder was unrelated to the magnitude of GH response.DiscussionChildhood trauma is positively correlated with GH response to clonidine challenge in adults with personality disorder. Enhanced rather that blunted GH response differentiates childhood trauma from previously identified negative predictors of GH response, such as anxiety or mood disorder.     

大学生就业压力、人格特质与择业取向的关系

目的:探讨本科毕业生人格特质在就业压力与择业取向间的中介作用。方法:采用大学生择业取向量表,大学生就业压力量表和大五人格量表对314名本科毕业生进行集体施测。结果:男生在择业目的、职业定位和薪酬期望上得分高于女生,而在择业标准上低于女生(P0.05);在择业标准、职业定位和薪酬期望得分上理文艺术,而在地域选择上,理科生得分要低于文科生和艺术生(P0.05)。就业压力与择业目的呈显著正相关(r=0.248,P0.01),与择业标准和薪酬期望呈显著负相关(r=-0.175,-0.143;P0.01)。中介效应分析表明,外向性在就业压力与薪酬期望之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的16.5%;情绪稳定性和尽责性在就业压力与择业目的之间起部分中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的26.9%和15.8%。结论:大学生的就业压力直接或间接地通过人格特质影响其择业取向。     

Attachment-related psychodynamics

Because there has been relatively little communication and cross-fertilization between the two major lines of research on adult attachment, one based on coded narrative assessments of defensive processes, the other on simple self-reports of ‘attachment style’ in close relationships, we here explain and review recent work based on a combination of self-report and other kinds of method, including behavioral observations and unconscious priming techniques. The review indicates that considerable progress has been made in testing central hypotheses derived from attachment theory and in exploring unconscious, psychodynamic processes related to affect-regulation and attachment-system activation. The combination of self-report assessment of attachment style and experimental manipulation of other theoretically pertinent variables allows researchers to test causal hypotheses. We present a model of normative and individual-difference processes related to attachment and identify areas in which further research is needed and likely to be successful. One long-range goal is to create a more complete theory of personality built on attachment theory and other object relations theories.