复员退伍精神分裂症患者社会支持相关因素分析

目的探讨复员退伍精神分裂症患者社会支持的相关因素。方法选取河北省荣军医院180例复员退伍精神分裂症患者进行自编一般情况调查表、总体幸福感量表、社会支持量表、艾森克人格问卷调查。结果 1社会支持量表总分及各因子分在不同婚姻、病程、住院时间分组间无统计学意义(P0.05);2≤30岁组的客观支持分显著高于41~50岁及51~60岁者(P=0.018,0.008);60岁年龄组对支持的利用度分显著低于其它年龄组(P=0.025,0.008,0.007,0.018);3初中、高中/中专的社会支持量表总分和主观支持分均显著高于小学(P=0.010,P0.001;P=0.029,0.012);高中/中专文化对支持的利用度分显著高于其他组(P0.001,P=0.025,0.047),初中对支持的利用度分显著高于小学(P=0.003);4家族史阴性者的社会支持量表总分及主观支持分显著高于阳性者(t=2.364,2.124;P=0.019,0.035);5社会支持量表总分及主观支持分与幸福感评分均呈正相关(P0.05);6艾森克人格问卷的E维度与社会支持量表总分及客观支持、主观支持均呈正相关(r=0.399,0.183,0.335;P0.001,P=0.014,P0.001);L维度与主观支持分呈显著负相关(r=-0.190,P=0.011)。结论复员退伍精神分裂症患者的社会支持受多种因素的影响,提高患者的社会支持需给予综合措施。     

武警护士和通信女兵心理健康状况及相关因素

目的探讨武警医院护士和通信女兵心理健康状况及影响因素。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对武警某医院127名护士和通信女兵进行测查。结果①护士消极应对和EPQ-RSC-P显著高于通信女兵(t=2.353,3.848;P0.05)。护士积极应对显著高于全国常模(t=2.873,P0.01),护士和通信女兵消极应对均显著低于全国常模(t=-8.672,-7.452;P均0.01)。护士和通信女兵EPQ-RSC-P均显著低于全国常模(t=-4.275,-0.345;P均0.01)。护士EPQ-RSC-E显著高于全国常模(t=2.035,P0.05),EPQ-RSC-N显著低于全国常模(t=-2.709,P0.01),护士和通信女兵EPQ-RSC-L均极显著高于全国常模(t=6.608,3.280;P均0.01);②护士人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、恐怖、偏执均显著低于全国常模(t=-5.784,-2.838,-2.001,-2.612,-2.188;P0.01或0.05);③护士和通信女兵客观支持均显著高于全国常模(t=-5.867,3.445;P均0.01)。通信女兵支持总分显著高于全国常模(t=2.256,P0.05);④通信女兵消极应对显著低于合同制护士(F=3.342,P0.05)。通信女兵EPQ-RSC-P显著低于军护和合同制护士(F=8.138,P0.05)。合同制护士主观支持、支持总分均显著低于军护(F=3.649,5.758,P均0.05)。合同制护士对支持利用度显著低于军护和通信女兵(F=7.884,P0.01);⑤护士和通信女兵心理健康的主要影响因素是应对方式和EPQ-RSC-N(t=-3.105,5.773,6.075;P均0.01)。结论①护士和通信女兵心理健康状况较好,应对方式恰当,人格特征外向稳定,社会支持良好;②护士精神质较通信女兵高,合同制护士应对方式和社会支持方面不如军护和通信女兵;③消极应对和神经质者心理健康状况差。     

流动儿童的人格特征与主观幸福感

目的调查流动儿童的人格特征与主观幸福感的现状,并与非流动儿童进行比较。方法采用儿童14种人格因素问卷(CPQ)、快乐感量表和生活满意度量表对南京市1所民工子弟学校、1所混合小学和1所公办小学的479名小学高年级儿童进行调查。结果①不同类型儿童拥有不同的典型人格且在人格特征的大多数因素上差异显著;②不同类型儿童在积极情绪和生活满意度上存在显著差异(F=5.39,P0.01;F=19.621,P0.001),在消极情绪上无显著差异;民工子弟学校流动儿童的主观幸福感好于其他3类学校的儿童。结论流动儿童的人格特征总体良好、主观幸福感高,与非流动儿童存在显著差异。     

人格和情绪对大学生风险决策的影响

目的本研究旨在探索不同情绪状态对不同人格大学生风险决策的影响。方法本研究结合问卷法和实验法,研究不同人格的18~25岁在校大学生,在积极和消极两种情绪状态下风险决策的差异。采用大五人格量表简化版对大学生人格进行测量、分组。根据其中开放性维度得分的高低分出高分组和低分组,再随机各分成两组。各组实验参与者经过积极情绪或消极情绪的诱导后执行风险决策,并对自己决策过程中的情绪状态进行评价。结果通过相关分析得出,冒险得分和风险倾向性得分显著相关(r=0.861)。人格的主效应边缘显著(F=3.306,P=0.074,ηp2=0.056),情绪的主效应显著(F=5.587,P=0.022,ηp2=0.091),人格与情绪的交互作用显著(F=6.479,P=0.014,ηp2=0.104)。结论不同开放性人格大学生在风险决策中的冒险性差异存在边缘显著,在风险倾向性上不存在显著差异;积极情绪和消极情绪对于风险决策的冒险性和风险倾向性影响显著,积极情绪状态下倾向于风险偏好,消极情绪状态下倾向于风险规避;情绪和人格对于风险决策的冒险得分和风险偏好得分有交互作用。     

人格特征及认知风格与口腔门诊患者牙科焦虑症的关系

目的调查口腔门诊患者牙科焦虑症的发生情况,研究人格特征及认知风格与牙科焦虑的关系。方法选用改良牙科焦虑量表、艾森克人格问卷以及认知方式镶嵌图形测验对150名口腔门诊患者进行问卷调查。结果 113名有效样本中,74.3%的患者有牙科焦虑的产生。场依存组牙科焦虑得分(13.041±1.829)显著高于场依存组(9.41±3.165),差异具有统计学意义(t=5.159,P0.01)。相关分析结果显示,人格问卷中的神经质与牙科焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.402),内外倾与牙科焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.302),相关均具有统计学意义(P0.01);认知风格得分与牙科焦虑存在显著的负相关(r=-0.485,P0.01)。回归分析的显示,神经质的人格特征及认知风格对牙科焦虑有显著的预测作用。结论口腔门诊患者牙科焦虑的发生比率较高,人格特征及认知风格是影响牙科焦虑的重要心理因素。     

汶川地震四年后灾区青少年领悟社会支持与人格相关性

目的探讨汶川地震4年后灾区青少年领悟社会支持和人格之间的关系。方法采用领悟社会支持量表、大五人格量表在汶川地震4年后对重灾区4所中学进行问卷调查。结果女生领悟社会支持显著高于男生(P0.001),不同民族、地区之间无差异。初高中青少年之间的家庭内社会支持不存在差异,但初中生所获得家庭外支持较多(F=7.39,P0.05)。领悟社会支持和人格之间有两组典型相关变量达到显著相关(P0.001),第一和第二典型相关系数为0.440、0.120。外倾性、宜人性、责任感3个人格变量对家庭外社会支持影响较大。结论汶川地震4年后灾区青少年领悟社会支持和人格存在中等程度相关,人格是领悟社会支持的重要影响因素。     

癌症患者生命质量对生活满意度的影响

目的以人格特质内外向维度为调节变量探讨癌症患者生命质量与生活满意度的关系。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)修订版、EORTC生命质量测定量表QLQ-C30(V3.0)中文版以及生活满意度指数A量表对183名唐山市人民医院的癌症患者进行问卷调查。结果①癌症患者生命质量中躯体功能、情绪功能、认知功能和社会功能4个领域以及总体健康状况与生活满意度指数A呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01),癌症患者生命质量中疲倦、恶心与呕吐、疼痛、气促、失眠、便秘、腹泻、经济困难8个症状领域与生活满意度指数A呈负相关(P0.05,P0.01);②癌症患者的生命质量对生活满意度有显著的正向预测作用(β=0.209,P0.01),而癌症患者的人格特质E对于患者生命质量对生活满意度的关系有显著的负向调节作用(β=-0.601,P0.05)。结论癌症患者的生命质量越高,生活满意程度越高,人格特质E对患者生命质量与生活满意度的关系有明显的弱化作用。     

Autism and the broad autism phenotype: familial patterns and intergenerational transmission

Background

Features of the Broad Autism Phenotype (BAP) are disproportionately prevalent in parents of a child with autism, highlighting familial patterns indicative of heritability. It is unclear, however, whether the presence of BAP features in both parents confers an increased liability for autism. The current study explores whether the presence of BAP features in two biological parents occurs more frequently in parents of a child with autism relative to comparison parents, whether parental pairs of a child with autism more commonly consist of one or two parents with BAP features, and whether these features are associated with severity of autism behaviors in probands.

Method

Seven hundred eleven parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder and 981 comparison parents completed the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire. Parents of a child with autism also completed the Social Communication Questionnaire.

Results

Although parental pairs of a child with autism were more likely than comparison parental pairs to have both parents characterized by the presence of the BAP, they more commonly consisted of a single parent with BAP features. The presence of the BAP in parents was associated with the severity of autism behaviors in probands, with the lowest severity occurring for children of parental pairs in which neither parent exhibited a BAP feature. Severity did not differ between children of two affected parents and those of just one.

Conclusions

Collectively, these findings indicate that parental pairs of children with autism frequently consist of a single parent with BAP characteristics and suggest that future studies searching for implicated genes may benefit from a more narrow focus that identifies the transmitting parent. The evidence of intergenerational transmission reported here also provides further confirmation of the high heritability of autism that is unaccounted for by the contribution of de novo mutations currently emphasized in the field of autism genetics.     

Neural responses to faces reflect social personality traits

Faces are a developmentally primary and critically important source of social information, and they are processed differently from most other visual percepts. Studies of brain electrophysiology reveal a face-sensitive component, the N170, which is typically enhanced to faces relative to other stimuli. Research in social disabilities suggests that an atypical N170 response in this population may stem from decreased developmental exposure to faces secondary to reduced social interest. Here we examined the relationship between neural responses to faces and social personality characteristics in a normative sample. Participants were pre-screened to identify individuals scoring high on extraversion or introversion. Both groups were presented with upright and inverted face stimuli. An inversion effect, a marker of expertise for faces, was observed in people with high extraversion but not in those with high introversion. These findings suggest that, within typically developing populations, social attitudes are reflected in the neural correlates of face perception.