保留膀胱手术加膀胱内灌注疗法治疗膀胱癌的疗效观察

目的　总结保留膀胱手术治疗膀胱移行细胞癌的疗效和经验。方法　对接受保留膀胱手术并辅助膀胱内灌注治疗的 68例膀胱移行细胞癌患者做了回顾性分析。结果　平均随访时间 53 .5月 (5 - 83月 ) ,1 7例复发 ,8例进展 ,64例无瘤生存 ,3例死于膀胱癌 ,1例死于其它疾病。结论　表浅性和浅肌层浸润的膀胱癌可做保留膀胱的手术 ,而对于深肌层浸润的膀胱癌患者应尽早行膀胱全切术     

Novel antiepileptic drug levetiracetam decreases dyskinesia elicited by L-dopa and ropinirole in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset.

Long-term dopamine replacement therapy of Parkinson's disease leads to the occurrence of dyskinesias. Altered firing patterns of neurons of the internal globus pallidus, involving a pathological synchronization/desynchronization process, may contribute significantly to the genesis of dyskinesia. Levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug that counteracts neuronal (hyper)synchronization in animal models of epilepsy, was assessed in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease, after coadministration with (1) levodopa (L-dopa) or (2) ropinirole/L-dopa combination. Oral administration of levetiracetam (13-60 mg/kg) in combination with either L-dopa (12 mg/kg) alone or L-dopa (8 mg/kg)/ropinirole (1.25 mg/kg) treatments was associated with significantly less dyskinesia, in comparison to L-dopa monotherapy during the first hour after administration. Thus, new nondopaminergic treatment strategies targeting normalization of abnormal firing patterns in basal ganglia structures may prove useful as an adjunct to reduce dyskinesia induced by dopamine replacement therapy without affecting its antiparkinsonian action.     

Assessment of SPECT ventilation-perfusion imaging in patients with lung cancer

Ventilation and perfusion SPECT images during tidal breathing were studied in 15 cases of lung cancer using ^81mKr gas and ^99mTc-microspheres. Furthermore, functional images of V/Q ratio and Q/V ratio were prepared, and their clinical significance is descussed with reference to general lung function. There was a decreas in %VC and %FEV _1.0in 7 of 15 cases, and an increase of AaDo₂ in the blood gas analysis in 12 of 15 cases. Both planar and SPECT images showed ventilation and perfusion abnormalities in all 15 cases. Of these, 12 patients showed matched ventilation and perfusion defects, 2 patients a dead-space effect and 1 patient a shunt effect. In comparing planar and SPECT images, depiction of ventilation and perfusion impairments were equally clear in 11 cases, but in 3, showing a lobar or segmental defect with a shunt effect, the SPECT images were superior. In a patient with markedly impaired function of the affected lung, the remaining function could not be depicted by SPECT. From the above, it seems that better information can be obtained for understanding the ventilation and perfusion states of lung cancer by adding the SPECT images to the planar image.     

Reduction in acute rejections decreases chronic rejection graft failure in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS).

Chronic rejection accounted for 32% of all graft losses in 7123 pediatric transplants. In a previous study acute, multiple acute and late acute rejections were risk factors for the development of chronic rejection. We postulated that the recent decrease in acute rejections would translate into a lower risk for chronic rejection among patients with recent transplants. We reviewed our data on patients transplanted from 1995 to 2000, and using multivariate analysis and a proportional hazards model developed risk factors for patients whose grafts had failed due to chronic rejection. A late initial rejection increased the risk of chronic rejection graft failure 3.6-fold (p < 0.001), while a second rejection resulted in further increase of 4.2-fold (p < 0.001). Recipients who received less than 5 mg/kg of cyclosporine at 30 days post-transplant had a relative risk (RR) of 1.9 (p = 0.02). Patients transplanted from 1995 to 2000 had a significantly lower risk (RR = 0.54, p < 0.001) of graft failure from chronic rejection than those who received their transplants earlier (1987-94). Since we were able to demonstrate that there is a decreased risk of chronic rejection graft failure in our study cohort, we would conclude that the goal of future transplants should be to minimize acute rejections.     

磁共振灌注成像在脑胶质瘤中的应用与评价

目的 :评价磁共振 (MR)灌注成像在脑胶质瘤病理分级诊断中的价值。　方法 :对 2 8例脑胶质瘤患者术前行MR灌注成像 ,采用GRE EPI序列 ,重建相对脑血容量 (rCBV)彩图后 ,以肿瘤对侧对应部位和对侧正常脑白质为参照 ,分别计算出肿瘤最大rCBV1及rCBV2 ,并与病理学分级进行对照分析。　结果 :低、高度恶性胶质瘤的最大rCBV1值分别为 1.38± 0 .36和 4 .32± 3.4 1,最大rCBV2值分别为 2 .83± 0 .76和 9.71± 6 .2 3;低、高度恶性胶质瘤的rCBV1或rCBV2值与病理分级之间差异均有显著性意义。另外 ,rCBV1、rCBV2间有高度相关性 (r =0 .736 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。　结论 :MR灌注成像对脑胶质瘤的术前分级诊断有重要价值。     

DNA限制性内切酶分析应用于伴放线放线杆菌的鉴定和分型

本文用限制性内切酶分析(REA)作伴放线放线杆菌(Aa)的鉴定和分型研究,提取Aa染色体DNA,井分别用BamHI、HindⅢ,Sal Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ消化,作琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果显示,Aa和嗜沫嗜血杆菌的DNA片段图谱明显不同;分属于两种不同血清型的两株Aa菌株,其DNA片段图谱也明显不同。这表明,REA可用于Aa菌的鉴定和分型,在所用的4种酶中,以Sal Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ消化的DNA片段图谱差异最明显。     

Short utterance recognition using a network with minimum training

A feedforward network is used to recognize short, digitized, isolated utterances. A high, multispeaker recognition rate is achieved with a small vocabulary with a single training utterance. This approach makes use of the pattern recognition property of the network architecture to classify different temporal patterns in the multidimensional feature space. The network recognizes the utterances without the need of segmentation, phoneme identification, or time alignment. We train the network with four words spoken by one single speaker. The network is then able to recognize 20 tokens spoken by 5 other speakers. We repeat the above training and testing procedure using a different speaker's utterances for training each time. The overall accuracy is 97.5%. We compare this approach to the traditional dynamic programming (DP) approach, and find that DP with slope constraints of 0 and 1 achieve 98.5% and 85% accuracies respectively. Finally we validate out statistics by training and testing the network of a four-word subset of the Texas Instruments (Tl) isolated word database. The accuracy with this vocabulary exceeds 96%. By doubling the size of the training set, the accuracy is raised to 98%. Using a suitable threshold, we are able to raise the accuracy of one network from 87% to 98.5%. Thresholding applied to all networks would then raise the overall accuracy to well over 99%.

This technique is especially promising because of the low overhead and computational requirements, which make it suitable for a low cost, portable, command recognition type of application.     

全肝MR灌注成像早期监测肝VX2肿瘤经皮酒精注射疗效的实验研究

目的研究全肝MR灌注成像（MRPI）早期监视兔肝VX2瘤经皮酒精注射（PEI）疗效的价值。方法新西兰大白兔10只，经开腹手术于肝内注射VX2肿瘤细胞悬液0．1ml，分别在种瘤后第2、3周进行MRT。WI、T2WI检查监视肿瘤生长情况。在种瘤后第3周时，于CT引导下，于肿瘤一侧的早期强化最明显处注射无水乙醇1.0ml，治疗1周后应用MRPI观察治疗效果。灌注参数包括：对比剂到达时间（T0）和最大上升斜率（ss），应用t检验比较治疗区与肿瘤未治疗区的灌注参数。结果10只兔肿瘤均种植成功，第3周时肿瘤直径（2．6±0．6）cm。治疗过程中3只兔死亡，PEI治疗1周后的治疗区呈无或低度强化。肿瘤未治区与治疗区的11D分别为（16．0±1．2）、（50，8±5．9）S，ss分别为38．9±2．2、6．0±1．2，差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为15．8、-39．6，P值均〈0．05）。常规T1 WI、T2 WI无法清晰显示治疗区与未治疗区的差异。结论全肝MRPI可以较敏感的早期监测PEI疗效，早期强化的消失可作为PEI治疗有效的标志。     

小型猪脂肪肝模型肝脏血流灌注的多层螺旋CT评价

目的采用多层螺旋CT（MSCT）灌注成像,探讨小型猪脂肪肝模型血流灌注状况。材料与方法实验组10头小型猪制备脂肪肝模型,同时设立3头小型猪为正常对照组。在0周、4周末、8周末分别进行肝脏CT灌注成像和肝穿刺病理活检,计算各项灌注参数。结果实验组4周末出现脂肪性肝炎、8周末出现脂肪性纤维化,对照组正常无脂肪肝。0周、4周末、8周末实验组的肝动脉灌注量（HAP）、门静脉灌注量（PVP）、总肝灌注量（THBF）均逐渐下降,分别为（28.00±11.42）、（19.30±9.12）、（17.52±16.29）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（79.58±21.78）、（41.87±28.41）、（22.84±13.44）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（107.58±25.70）、（61.17±31.87）、（40.37±17.19）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,而肝动脉灌注指数上升（26.76±9.01）,（38.24±21.85）,（43.52±24.42）%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组0周、4周末、8周末HAP、PVP、THBF以及肝动脉灌注指数（HPI）组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,分别为（31.30±15.01）、（27.19±11.60）、（21.33±8.57）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（91.68±25.67）、（69.02±21.21）、（81.90±14.60）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（122.98±33.97）、（96.21±24.00）、（108.23±13.48）ml·min^-1·100ml^-1,（26.21±9.01）、（28.91±9.56）、（24.88±8.21）%。同期对比,除0周外,实验组与对照组各灌注参数两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论MSCT可以测量脂肪肝的血流灌注参数,与正常时期相比,小型猪脂肪肝的血流灌注参数发生了变化。