Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatient populations

Aggressive behavior in patients with psychiatric disorders is attracting increasing research interest. One reason for this is that psychiatric patients are generally considered more likely to be aggressive, which raises a related question of whether diagnoses of psychiatric disorders predict the prevalence of aggressive behavior. Predicting aggression in psychiatric wards is crucial, because aggressive behavior not only endangers the safety of both patients and staff, but it also extends the hospitalization times. Predictions of aggressive behavior also need careful attention to ensure effective treatment planning. This literature review explores the relationship between aggressive behavior and psychiatric disorders and syndromes (dementia, psychoactive substance use, acute psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, personality disorders and intellectual disability). The prevalence of aggressive behavior and its underlying risk factors, such as sex, age, comorbid psychiatric disorders, socioeconomic status, and history of aggressive behavior are discussed as these are the components that mostly contribute to the increased risk of aggressive behavior. Measurement tools commonly used to predict and detect aggressive behavior and to differentiate between different forms of aggressive behavior in both research and clinical practice are also reviewed. Successful aggression prevention programs can be developed based on the current findings of the correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric patients.     

2012年甘肃省人民医院住院肿瘤患者麻醉药品使用分析

目的:了解甘肃省人民医院住院肿瘤患者麻醉药品的使用情况,为麻醉药品在肿瘤患者中的合理使用提供参考。方法:回顾性调查该院2012年麻醉药品处方,分析患者的性别、年龄、诊断、肿瘤类型及各种麻醉药品的使用模式。结果:共有783人次使用麻醉药品,其中男性446人次,占56.58%,平均年龄(55.8±11.9)岁(年龄范围2~88岁),大于60岁者(37.80%)是使用麻醉药品最多的人群。使用麻醉药品的肿瘤患者中排在前6位的是:大肠癌(23.88%)、胃癌(16.96%)、肺癌(10.47%)、肝癌(7.91%)、胆道肿瘤(4.98%)及胰腺癌(4.98%);住院肿瘤患者使用的麻醉药品注射剂型处方数高于口服剂型处方数;207例接受口服长效麻醉药品的慢性癌痛患者中,115例(55.56%)镇痛麻醉药品选择不合理;癌痛患者使用麻醉药品存在剂量不足的情况。结论:从当前该院麻醉药品的使用模式可见,该院医师在癌痛治疗方面需强化麻醉药品剂量滴定,长、短效制剂的使用,麻醉药品替代、不良反应的处理及持续监测等合理用药意识。     

住院精神疾病患者抗精神病药使用情况调查

目的:了解住院精神疾病患者抗精神病药的使用情况。方法:采用回顾性调查方法,对中山市第三人民医院2013年1月1日—12月31日出院的精神疾病患者的用药情况进行统计、分析。结果:在住院精神疾病患者的疾病构成中,以精神分裂症和心境障碍所占比例最多;抗精神病药使用最多的是利培酮;合并用药的治疗方式在住院患者中非常普遍;抗精神病药的使用剂量基本都在推荐的安全剂量范围之内。结论:该院抗精神病药以使用非典型抗精神药为主;各种抗精神病药临床用药多样化,用药安全不容忽视。     

某院住院患者医院内感染现患率调查及分析

目的全面了解住院患者医院内感染现状及影响因素,为控制医院内感染危险因素及合理使用抗菌药物提供依据,也为进一步开展有效目标性监测、制订科学有效的感染控制方案提供依据。方法采用横断面调查方法,即床旁调查与病历查阅相结合,对该院2012-2013年医院内感染现患率进行调查。结果抗菌药物使用率从44.03%下降为35.43%,医院内感染率从1.74%上升至4.00%,医院内感染部位以下呼吸道和泌尿道为主,医院内感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌。抗菌药物一联使用率由83.62%升为94.35%。结论应加强高危科室及高发部位医院内感染的管理,提高临床标本送检质量和送检率,规范抗菌药物合理使用,进一步落实医院内感染控制规范,逐步降低医院内感染的发生。     

住院痴呆患者照料者心理健康状况及相关因素研究

目的探讨住院痴呆患者照料者的心理健康状况及其相关因素。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）作为评定工具,对住院痴呆患者照料者的心理健康状况进行调查。结果（1）住院痴呆患者照料者的SCL-90总分及抑郁因子分与国内常模比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）：躯体化因子分显著高于常模,其他因子评分显著低于国内常模,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（2）SCL．90总分显示,女性、高龄、受教育水平低、身体健康状况差、收入较低、照料人数多、照料时间长的照料者心理健康状况较差,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）男性、低年龄、病程长、痴呆程度较严重、躯体疾病较多对照料者心理健康影响更明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。（4）照料者年龄、文化水平、过去经历、身体状况、亲子关系、照料时间及患者病程进入回归方程．决定系数为0．599。结论住院痴呆患者照料者心理健康受多方面因素的影响．要提高照料者的心理健康水平,必须从多个方面综合考虑并采取措施。     

Characteristics and risk factors of facial pressure injuries in acute inpatients using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: A retrospective case control study

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics and risk factors of facial pressure injuries in patients using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.Setting and samplePatients who developed facial pressure injuries due to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation at a teaching hospital in Taiwan from January 2016 to December 2021 were selected, resulting in a total of 108 patients in our case group. A control group was formed by matching each case by age and gender to three acute inpatients who had used non-invasive ventilation but had not developed facial pressure injuries, resulting in 324 patients in the control group.Research methodologyThis study was a retrospective case-control study. The characteristics of the patients who developed pressure injuries at different stages in the case group were compared, and the risk factors of non-invasive ventilation-related facial pressure injuries were then determined.ResultsHigher duration of non-invasive ventilation usage, higher length of hospital stay, lower Braden scale score, and lower albumin levels in the former group. The results of multivariate analysis from binary logistic regression involving the duration of non-invasive ventilation usage demonstrated that the patients who used this device for 4–9 days and 16 days were at greater risk of facial pressure injuries than those who used it for 3 days; in terms of the Braden scale score, higher Braden scale scores were correlated with a higher risk of facial pressure injuries. In addition, albumin levels lower than the normal range were correlated with a higher risk of facial pressure injuries.ConclusionPatients with pressure injuries at higher stages had a higher duration of non-invasive ventilation usage, higher length of hospital stay, lower Braden scale scores, and lower albumin levels. Thus, a longer duration of non-invasive ventilation use, lower Braden scale scores, and lower albumin levels were also risk factors for non-invasive ventilation-related facial pressure injuries.Implications for clinical practiceOur results serve as a useful reference for hospitals, both in creating training programs for their medical teams to prevent and treat facial pressure injuries and in drafting guidelines for assessing risk in order to prevent facial pressure injuries caused by non-invasive ventilation. The duration of device usage, Braden scale scores, and albumin levels in particular should be seriously monitored to reduce the occurrence of facial pressure injuries in acute inpatients treated with non-invasive ventilation.     

我院2010-2012年住院患者头孢菌素类抗菌药物应用分析

目的:了解住院患者头孢菌素类抗菌药物使用现状及发展趋势,为其进一步规范管理提供参考。方法:依据医院药品信息库提供的数据,对我院2010-2012年住院患者头孢菌素类抗菌药物的种类、用药金额、用药频度(DDDs)等进行统计分析。结果:3年来,我院住院患者头孢菌素类抗菌药物的品种数、销售金额逐年下降,其中2012年出现大幅度下降;DDDs呈逐年下降趋势。从构成结构上看,第二代头孢菌素在2012年取代第三代头孢菌素,位居各类头孢菌素销售金额之首。3年来DDDs排序一直在前10位的药物有注射用头孢硫脒、注射用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、注射用头孢孟多、注射用头孢替安4个品种。结论:我院头孢菌素类抗菌药物以第二、三代为主,第一代品种受限,但属于第一代头孢菌素的注射用头孢硫脒DDDs排序一直靠前。注射用头孢硫脒存在过度使用现象,这将会导致细菌耐药的增加,应引起有关部门的重视,进一步加强管理和监测。     

标准化BPSD康复护理流程对于伴精神行为症状的痴呆住院患者的作用

目的 探讨标准化BPSD康复护理流程对伴精神行为症状痴呆(BPSD)住院患者的效果。 方法 将76例BPSD住院患者用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各38例,研究组在原有药物治疗和常规护理基础上增加标准化BPSD康复护理流程,两组在基线、三个月、六个月末随访采用简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、神经精神症状问卷(NPI)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)。结果 重复测量方差分析结果显示：研究组NPI照料者(F值=46.663,P﹤0.01)和患者的评分(F值=26.948,P﹤0.01)差异有统计学意义,而MMSE、ADL量表评分差异无统计学意义。结论 标准化BPSD康复护理流程虽然对于患者的认知功能无明显改变,但能有效提高其住院生活质量,减少看护人员的心理压力。     

Use of fecal occult blood testing in hospitalized patients: Results of an audit

BACKGROUND:

The fecal occult blood test (FOBT), widely used as a colorectal cancer screening tool, continues to be used in hospitalized patients. However, the utility of this test for hospitalized patients is unclear.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess FOBT use in a large urban regional health authority.

METHODS:

Reports of all FOBTs performed between April 1, 2011 and March 30, 2012 from two academic and four community hospitals in Winnipeg (Manitoba) were extracted. Of 650 hospitalizations with a positive FOBT result and 1254 with a negative FOBT result, random samples of 230 and 97 charts, respectively, were reviewed. Information including demographics, admission diagnos(es), indication(s) for ordering the FOBT and clinical management was extracted.

RESULTS:

Thirty-four percent (650 of 1904) of hospitalizations with an FOBT had a positive FOBT result. Family medicine physicians ordered approximately one-half of the reviewed FOBTs. The most common indication for ordering an FOBT was anemia. Of those with a positive FOBT, 66% did not undergo further gastrointestinal investigations. Of those with a positive FOBT and overt gastrointestinal bleeding and/or melena who underwent endoscopy, 60% had their endoscopy performed before the FOBT result being reported while 38% underwent their endoscopy ≥3 days after the stool sample was collected. There were minimal differences in clinical practices between academic and community hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study suggests that FOBT results in hospitalized patients may have little beneficial impact on clinical management. Hospital laboratories may be better served in directing resources to other tests.