人类免疫缺陷病毒暴露前预防的应用与挑战

抗病毒治疗不仅将HIV感染从一个致死性疾病转变为一种可以治疗的慢性疾病，同时减少了HIV在人群间的传播，近年来“治疗即是预防”的观念已被人们所认可。随着研究的深入，人们发现HIV暴露前预防（PrEP）能有效减少HIV在高危人群间的传播。临床试验显示PrEP是安全的，可以有效预防HIV感染。目前，欧美国家及WHO指南均推荐对男男性行为者、感染HIV高风险的异性性行为者、HIV单阳伴侣中的HIV阴性者以及静脉吸毒者等高危人群进行PrEP。推荐使用的药物和方法是每日口服替诺福韦和恩曲他滨合剂，部分人群也可使用替诺福韦。PrEP应结合其他预防措施如安全套使用、静脉吸毒的处理以及抗病毒治疗来进一步降低HIV感染的风险。目前，PrEP面临的主要挑战是伦理学、药物可及性、服药依从性以及使用率等问题，应该针对高危人群大力推行PrEP，让更多的人群受益减少HIV感染。     

2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者心血管危险因素控制的临床分析

目的探讨心血管危险因素控制在2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者中的意义。方法筛选2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者140例,行问卷调查,对比心血管危险因素控制良好、差者血糖控制水平、近2年心血管事件发生情况。结果心血管危险因素控制水平良好93人、差者47人,心血管危险因素控制良好者血糖控制59.14%、一般34.41%、不佳6.45%,优于心血管危险因素控制者10.64%、53.19%、36.1%,急诊8.60%、门诊16.13%、医疗资源获取例次率24.73%,低于差者19.15%、104.26%、123.40%,心肌梗死4.30%、心衰3.23%、心绞痛37.63%、心血管事件合计发生例次率45.16%,低于差者14.89%、23.40%、93.62%、131.91%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者而言,积极控制心血管病危险因素,有助于提高血糖控制水平,降低心血管事件发生风险,进而改善预后。     

High-Throughput In-Use and Stress Size Stability Screening of Protein Therapeutics Using Algorithm-Driven Dynamic Light Scattering

Stability of therapeutic proteins (TPs) is a critical quality attribute that impacts both safety and efficacy of the drug. Size stability is routinely performed during and after biomanufacturing. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a commonly used technique to characterize hydrodynamic size of the TPs. Herein, we have developed a novel method to evaluate in-use and thermal stress stability of TPs using algorithm-driven high-throughput DLS. Five marketed TPs were tested under the guidance of customized algorithms. The TPs were evaluated at relevant temperature conditions as well as under dilution and thermal stress for size stability. We found that the TPs were stable under the in-use conditions tested; however, sample loss due to evaporation can lead to large protein aggregates. A combined assessment of autocorrelation function and photos of sample well could be useful in formulation screening. Dilution of TPs also has an impact on the hydrodynamic size. Thermal stress experiments showed the importance of using different data processing methods to access size distribution. Polydispersity index was useful in evaluating sample heterogeneity. Herein, we show that algorithm-driven high-throughput DLS can provide additional supportive information during and after biomanufacturing and the potential to be used in a quality control environment.     

In vivo measurement of apparent diffusion coefficients of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled metabolites

The combination of hyperpolarized MRS with diffusion weighting (dw) allows for determination of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is indicative of the intra‐ or extracellular localization of the metabolite. Here, a slice‐selective pulsed‐gradient spin echo sequence was implemented to acquire a series of dw spectra from rat muscle in vivo to determine the ADCs of multiple metabolites after a single injection of hyperpolarized [1‐¹³C]pyruvate. An optimal control optimized universal‐rotation pulse was used for refocusing to minimize signal loss caused by B₁ imperfections. Non‐dw spectra were acquired interleaved with the dw spectra and these were used to correct for signal decay during the acquisition as a result of T₁ decay, pulse imperfections, flow etc. The data showed that the ADC values for [1‐¹³C]lactate (0.4–0.7 µm²/ms) and [1‐¹³C]alanine (0.4–0.9 µm²/ms) were about a factor of two lower than the ADC of [1‐¹³C]pyruvate (1.1–1.5 µm²/ms). This indicates a more restricted diffusion space for the former two metabolites consistent with lactate and alanine being intracellular. The higher ADC for pyruvate (similar to the proton ADC) reflected that the injected substance was not confined inside the muscle cells but also present extracellular. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

(iv) The initial assessment and early management of patients with severe pelvic ring injuries

Pelvic fractures account for up to 8% of all musculoskeletal injuries and 90% of patients with pelvic fractures will have other injuries. Major haemorrhage is well recognized in severe pelvic fractures and is one of the leading causes of death in this patient group. The reported mortality rate in patients with pelvic fracture presenting with haemorrhagic shock ranges from 36.4 to 54%. 5% of all pelvic fractures are open fractures and although the mortality in this particular group has recently improved, it still remains high.The reconfiguring of major trauma to establish major trauma centres in the UK has seen a 20% increase in patients surviving major trauma. Pelvic binders are the first line management to stabilize the pelvis for any patient presenting with hypotension and a suspicion of pelvic ring injury. Damage control resuscitation including permissive hypotension, haemostatic resuscitation and damage control surgery are strategies used to prevent hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis.Rapid and accurate assessment of the pelvic injury is essential and guides further management. Patients that fail to respond to initial aggressive resuscitation should undergo arterial embolization. Pelvic packing should be considered if embolization is not available, or in the rare situation of combined substantial abdominal and pelvic bleeding requiring immediate laparotomy. Patients with an open pelvic fracture require a multidisciplinary team approach to improve outcome.Future advances in haemorrhage control and resuscitation with techniques such as resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) and new classes of haemostatic adjuncts will further improve survival in these severely injured patients.     

手术部位感染与麻醉相关因素分析进展

背景手术部位感染(surgical site infections,SSIs)是指手术30 d内发生在手术部位的感染,是外科手术患者死亡率、平均住院日和住院费用增加的主要因素.目的将术后SSIs与麻醉相关因素之间关系的研究进展作一综述.内容多数研究支持围术期吸入高浓度的氧和体温保护能减少SSIs;围术期大量输血能抑制机体的免疫力,增加术后SSIs,输注晶体液和胶体液对术后并发症的影响尚不明确;围术期严格的血糖控制被证实能减少SSIs;不同的麻醉药和麻醉方式对SSIs的发生率产生不同的影响.趋向研究麻醉相关因素与术后SSIs的关系能进一步提高麻醉医生的麻醉管理水平,减少SSIs的发生率,降低患者的医疗费用,有很好的社会和经济效益.     

甘肃省张掖市2011年麻疹流行病学特征分析

目的了解甘肃省张掖市2011年1—12月麻疹流行情况,分析其流行原因,以制订有效的防控措施。方法对2011年1—12月麻疹疫情进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2011年1—12月报告麻疹病例120例,报告发病率为9.04/10万,较2010年同期上升166.67%;其中75.00%的病例(90例)集中在甘州区;年龄分布呈现"双向移位",主要是<8月龄和≥15岁年龄组,分别占发病总数的48.33%和24.17%;无免疫史者占69.17%(83例),免疫史不详者占23.33%(28例),有免疫史者仅占7.50%(9例);发生暴发8起22例,其中乡镇暴发1起6例,行政村(社区)暴发7起16例;复核流行病学调查63例,发病前7～21天有医院就诊史或接触史者占87.30%(55例),无医院就诊史者仅占9.52%(6例)。结论张掖市2011年麻疹高发的主要原因与基础免疫薄弱、及时接种率低下、接种质量不高、院内感染有关。防控重点对象为<8月龄和≥15岁人群。     

论《卫生害虫管理学》

《卫生害虫管理学》首次在卫生害虫防制的专著中引进了"管理学"的概念,"管理"在卫生害虫治理中与环境防制、物理防制、化学防制、生物防制等具有同等地位,特别重大活动或事件的媒介生物控制中,管理更是起着决定防制成败的关键作用。《卫生害虫管理学》框架结构合理,内容精心布局,博众家之长,吸取相近学科之精髓,内容涵盖21种卫生害虫的生态与习性、与疾病的关系、控制措施等。采用通俗语言,精炼语句,深入浅出,图文并茂地展现在读者面前。该书内容全面,资料新颖,文字精炼,实用性强。全书二十章,附有插图267幅、表格88个,各章附有主要参考文献和思考题,增大了信息量,且易于读者理解。