Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements

In order to more comprehensively assess the role of the basal ganglia in the internal generation of movements, we studied the activity of neurons in the head of the caudate and in the rostral putamen in relation to the execution of movements. Monkeys performed self-initiated and stimulus-triggered arm reaching movements in separate blocks of trials. With stimulus-triggered movements, 217 striatal neurons increased their activity after the trigger stimulus (127 in caudate, 90 in putamen). Of these, 68 neurons showed time-locked responses to the trigger stimulus, with a median latency of 60 ms, that were independent of visual or auditory stimulus modalities. Three quarters of responses were conditional on a movement being performed. These responses may participate in neuronal processes through which the reception of a stimulus is translated into the execution of a behavioral reaction. Further, 44 neurons increased their activity before the earliest muscle activity without being clearly time-locked to the stimulus (148-324 ms before movement onset), 55 neurons were activated later before the movement, and 50 neurons were activated after movement onset. With self-initiated movements, 106 striatal neurons showed movement-related activity beginning up to 460 ms before movement onset (52 in caudate, 54 in putamen). Comparisons between the two types of movement were made on 53 neurons with premovement activity beginning more than 500 ms before self-initiated movements. Only one fifth of them also showed movement-related activity with stimulus-triggered movements, including trigger responses. Comparisons among 39 neurons with movement-related activity during self-initiated arm movements showed that about half of them also showed movement-related activity with stimulus-triggered movements. These data demonstrate a considerably segregated population of striatal neurons engaged in the internal generation of movements, whereas processes underlying the execution of movements appear to involve overlapping neuronal populations.     

Hippocampal neuron and synaptophysin-positive bouton number in aging C57BL/6 mice

A loss of hippocampal neurons and synapses had been considered a hallmark of normal aging and, furthermore, to be a substrate of age-related learning and memory deficits. Recent stereological studies in humans have shown that only a relatively minor neuron loss occurs with aging and that this loss is restricted to specific brain regions, including hippocampal subregions. Here, we investigate these age-related changes in C57BL/6J mice, one of the most commonly used laboratory mouse strains. Twenty-five mice (groups at 2, 14, and 28–31 months of age) were assessed for Morris water-maze performance, and modern stereological techniques were used to estimate total neuron and synaptophysin-positive bouton number in hippocampal subregions at the light microscopic level. Results revealed that performance in the water maze was largely maintained with aging. No age-related decline was observed in number of dentate gyrus granule cells or CA1 pyramidal cells. In addition, no age-related change in number of synaptophysin-positive boutons was observed in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus or CA1 region of hippocampus. We observed a significant correlation between dentate gyrus synaptophysin-positive bouton number and water-maze performance. These results demonstrate that C57BL/6J mice do not exhibit major age-related deficits in spatial learning or hippocampal structure, providing a baseline for further study of mouse brain aging.     

Behavioral patterns proceeding from liver thermoreceptors

Subdiaphragmatic denervated, liver heated rats eat as much and as long as subdiaphragmatic denervated, non-heated rats. This points to vagus and/or splanchnic nerve afferentation from hepatic thermoreceptors. Left abdomen heated rats eat and drink as much as left abdomen non-heated rats. Since however they show some different behavior patterns, the intervention of other nerve fibers other than vagal and/or splanchnic fibers should be acknowledged in order to account for the different behavior pattern.     

Effects of potassium chloride on sexual behavior and the cortical EEG in the ovariectomized rat

The facilitation of lordosis behavior by the cortical application of KCl has been confirmed. Ovariectomized female rats were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) for 3 days and then a 15% KCl solution was put into permanent cannulae resting on the cortical dura. Sexual behavior tests were performed 15, 30, 60 and 90 min and 24 hr after KCl application and a lordosis quotient (LQ) was obtained from each 10-mount test. There was a significant increase in the LQ 15 min after KCl application to levels which approached those seen after priming with both EB and progesterone. Although lordosis behavior was facilitated, no EEG changes were found following KCl application in 7 of 9 rats, but there was marked depression of the amplitude of the cortical EEG in the remaining 2. It is concluded that KCl application, a treatment which produces functional decortication by inducing spreading depression, suppresses a cortical inhibitory system for lordosis behavior.     

Fos-like immunoreactivity in auditory and nonauditory brain structures of hamsters previously exposed to intense sound

Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was evaluated in auditory and nonauditory brain structures in hamsters that had been exposed previously to intense sound and tested behaviorally for tinnitus. The immunocytochemical results demonstrated a significant increase in exposed animals of FLI in auditory brain structures such as the lateral lemniscus, central nucleus of inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex, as well as in some nonauditory brain structures such as the locus coeruleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, certain subregions of the hypothalamus, and amygdala. The behavioral scores suggest that animals that had been exposed to intense sound developed tinnitus. This is consistent with the hypothesis that FLI induced by intense sound exposure might represent a neural correlate of tinnitus or of plasticity associated with tinnitus. The possibility and the mechanisms underlying the increased FLI are discussed.     

Development of behavioral audition in the kitten

The present study reports the maturation of behavioral responses to several classes of auditory stimulation and defines both natural and artificial stimuli to which kittens respond. This development is discussed relative to the physical maturation of the external auditory canal and the pinna and the extant electrophysiological and neuroanatomical literature. The external auditory canal did not reach its maximum depth until 12 ± 3 days of age and this was followed by a gradual deepening of the external concavity resulting in the complex adult pinna being formed at around 31 days of age. All but two of the animals showed diffuse pinna movements to tactile, visual and olfactory stimulation on the first post-natal day. The kittens showed a definite response to auditory stimuli by 5 ± 1.5 days. In all cases, the early responses consisted of a general arousal, bouts of pinna movements and facial squints. In general the earliest responses were seen to the tape recorded natural stimuli. Seventy-five percent of the animals responded to all stimulus presentations by 7 days of age, but showed adult latencies only at 14 days. Some degree of spatial localization appeared as early as 10 days, but 75% of the subjects showed this at 16 days with adult latencies coming in at 26 days. It was within this latter period that the animals began to show habituation to the non-animal sounds. These results demonstrate, by using a battery of both natural and artificial auditory stimuli, a diffuse reactivity in the neonatal kitten which suggests that the immature auditory system is quite capable of mediating simple behaviors before central connections are either electrophysiologically or anatomically mature.     

DRG付费对医生行为和医疗质量的影响研究:以踝关节和脊柱融合术为例

目的探究DRG付费对医生诊疗行为和医疗质量的影响。方法从11家实施DRG付费或模拟测算的三级综合医院中选取12名骨科医生进行半结构化访谈,采用Colaizzi 7步法分析。结果共识别重要陈述308条,形成治疗决策、环节把控、患者管理、医疗质量4项基本结构。DRG付费后,医生更关注住院费用,以检查和手术为代表的诊疗行为发生了变化;医生诊疗行为的改变可能引起医疗质量的变化。结论医生应主动控制成本,制定合理的诊疗方案;医院需强化临床指南的使用,加强对医疗质量的考核,以防范医生不规范诊疗行为的发生。     

重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新型冠状病毒肺炎的认知、行为和健康教育需求调查

目的 调查分析重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知水平、行为表现和健康教育需求现状,为提高健康教育宣传效果提供理论依据。方法 于2020年3月6日00：00至24：00通过问卷星平台对涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知、行为和健康教育需求进行了滚雪球抽样和方便抽样调查,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行χ²检验和二元Logistic逐步回归分析。结果 调查收回有效问卷12 980份,调查的城市农村人数比为2.19∶1,男女性别比为1∶1.90,调查对象的年龄以37~55岁居多,占67.55%。54.95%调查对象为高认知水平,64.48%调查对象行为表现良好。Logistic回归分析结果显示：常住地为城市（OR=1.372）,女性（OR=1.256）,学历为高中或专科（OR=1.977）、本科及以上（OR=3.149）,职业为公务员及事业单位人员（OR=1.284）、教师（OR=1.530）的认知水平较高;女性（OR=1.114）,学历为高中或专科（OR=1.217）、本科及以上（OR=1.225）,家庭中有医务人员（OR=1.213）、高认知（OR=1.968）的行为表现较好。调查对象主要通过微信（90.49%）、网络媒体（87.55%）和电视（82.56%）获取健康教育信息;对疾病知识（85.40%）、防护措施（84.53%）和防控措施（78.71%）的需求均较高。结论 在本次新冠肺炎突发公共卫生事件一级响应中,重庆市涪陵区非医务人员对新冠肺炎的认知水平和行为表现有待进一步提高。在今后的健康教育工作中,应当把农村地区人群、低学历人群和学生作为健康教育工作的重点人群。     

孕期参加孕妇学校改善父母D型人格对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响

目的 以学龄前儿童为研究对象,探讨父母D型人格（type D personality,TDP）与学龄前儿童行为问题的关系,以及母亲孕期参加孕妇学校对2者之间关系的影响,为开展学龄前儿童行为问题研究提供参考依据。方法 对深圳市龙华区2017年9月份新入幼儿园小班儿童进行横断面调查,采用一般情况问卷、Conners儿童行为问卷（父母用）、D型人格量表（DS14）收集儿童一般情况、儿童行为问题和父母TDP特征情况等资料。使用Logistic回归分析父母TDP与儿童行为问题的关系,并评价母亲孕期参加孕妇学校在2者关系中的中介作用。结果 本研究共发放17 245份问卷,纳入15 022份有效问卷,其中男童8 062名,女童6 960名,平均年龄为（3.54±0.35）岁。不同性别、父母亲学历、家庭月收入、父母婚姻状况对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。二元Logistic回归分析显示,父母TDP与学龄前儿童的行为问题呈独立正相关,母亲孕期参加孕妇学校可改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动与多动指数的影响。结论 母亲孕期参加孕妇学校教育可以改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动和多动指数等3个维度的影响。     

自我角色认同护理在躁狂症护理中的应用效果分析

目的探讨自我角色认同护理在躁狂症中的应用效果。方法选取2017-2019年沈阳市铁西区精神卫生中心收治的成人躁狂症发作期患者50例,随机分为对照组和干预组各25例。对照组给予常规护理,干预组给予自我角色认同护理。分别采用激越行为量表和社交技能量表对两组的干预效果进行评价。结果干预后两组激越行为量表和社交技能评定目录量表各维度评分及总分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论自我角色认同护理能进一步改善躁狂症患者的激越行为和社交技能,值得临床推广应用。