Several methods to investigate relative attribute impact in stated preference experiments

There is growing use of discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to investigate preferences for products and programs and for the attributes that make up such products and programs. However, a fundamental issue overlooked in the interpretation of many choice experiments is that attribute parameters estimated from DCE response data are confounded with the underlying subjective scale of the utilities, and strictly speaking cannot be interpreted as the relative "weight" or "impact" of the attributes, as is frequently done in the health economics literature. As such, relative attribute impact cannot be compared using attribute parameter size and significance. Instead, to investigate the relative impact of each attribute requires commensurable measurement units; that is, a common, comparable scale. We present and demonstrate empirically a menu of five methods that allow such comparisons: (1) partial log-likelihood analysis; (2) the marginal rate of substitution for non-linear models; (3) Hicksian welfare measures; (4) probability analysis; and (5) best-worst attribute scaling. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and suggest circumstances in which each is appropriate.     

现代科学技术对人类生育的影响

随着人类医学技术尤其是现代生殖技术的发展和提高,人类生育的自然属性日益被社会性消解。生育的数量和质量影响着社会存在和发展的状态,因此从社会角度出发,人们对生育行为进行越来越多的人为干预,这种干预表现为对生育需求的控制、对生育方式的改变和对生育结果的设计与选择。对生育的人为干预消解了生育与两性结合的联系,破坏了基于自然秩序形成的稳定的社会关系。自然性被消解的同时,摆在人类面前的是如何重建新的稳定的社会秩序。     

离散选择实验特征及其水平设置研究：以长期护理保险需求为例

离散选择实验是卫生经济领域测量非市场产品需求或偏好的重要方法之一，其特征及其水平设置环节是决定实验有效性的重要因素，但目前缺乏统一的设置流程与方法。本研究以长期护理保险需求为例，综合运用理论分析、文献综述、政策文本分析、专家访谈多种方法，以既能勾勒出政策轮廓又能刻画各试点差异为出发点，以考虑政策现状水平兼顾其未来发展为原则，对离散选择实验的特征及其水平设定过程进行详细描述，以期为后续相关研究提供的方法学参考。     

2013版SNOMED CT顶层概念调整及属性关系

SNOMED CT是结构化的临床术语集。介绍2013年版的SNOMED CT新增顶层概念"SNOMED CT模型组件"及其亚类"连接概念"。概念含义的逻辑表示通过"定义属性"定义,所有可用作"关系类型"的概念都归在"连接概念"下:"|is a|关系"和"概念模型属性"中的59个"属性关系"。并详细说明"关系"如何完整定义概念,以期为构建中医临床术语系统的研究工作提供参考。     

相似权法及其在属性综合评价中的应用

目的探讨综合评价中指标权重的确定。方法 以某11个省会城市的大气监测数据为实例,将相似权法应用于属性综合评价系统对该11个城市的大气质量进行聚类和排序。结果 用相似权作为权重得到的评价结果与按Topsis法得到的评价结果基本一致。结论 应用相似权法的属性综合评价既充分利用样本信息又合理体现指标权重,因此评价结果客观合理。     

可能性构造空间理论在中药复方创新系统中的初步应用

运用可能性构造空间理论(PCST)及其选择模型,初步建立了中药复方创新系统中的属性集和规则集,以及各种算子,给出了系统运行的一个简单的创造性思维的过程.     

Medicinal products meet medical devices: Classification and nomenclature issues arising from their combined use

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Strategies for Setting Patient-Centric Commercial Specifications for Biotherapeutic Products

Commercial specifications for a new biotherapeutic product are a critical component of the product's overall control strategy that ensures safety and efficacy. This paper describes strategies for setting commercial specifications as proposed by a consortium of industry development scientists. The specifications for some attributes are guided by compendia and regulatory guidance. For other product quality attributes (PQAs), product knowledge and the understanding of attribute criticality built throughout product development should drive specification setting. The foundation of PQA knowledge is an understanding of potential patient impact through an assessment of potency, PK, immunogenicity and safety. In addition to PQA knowledge, the ability of the manufacturing process to consistently meet specifications, typically assessed through statistical analyses, is an important consideration in the specification-setting process. Setting acceptance criteria that are unnecessarily narrow can impact the ability to supply product or prohibit consideration of future convenient dosage forms. Patient-centric specifications enable appropriate control over higher risk PQAs to ensure product quality for the patient, and flexibility for lower risk PQAs for a sustainable supply chain. This paper captures common strategic approaches for setting specifications for standard biotherapeutic products such as monoclonal antibodies and includes considerations for ensuring specifications are patient centric.     

生命文化学的学科独立性分析

一门学科要成为一门独立学科,应当要有明确的学科属性,清晰的学科边界,独特的研究价值,属于自己学科的研究特色,自身的元理论体系和核心问题.通过对生命文化学学科发展的分析,认为生命文化学在以上方面都有自身的特征,其在未来的发展过程中要注意,其独立化需要独立的学科话语,形成独立的生命文化学话语系统,防止话语掠夺,同时也要避免话语扩张和自我膨胀.