Pain and disability in osteoarthritis: A review of biobehavioral mechanisms

Pain and disability are cardinal symptoms in osteoarthritis. The literature is reviewed in order to identify causes of these symptoms at the articular, kinesiological, and psychological level. It is concluded that pain and disability are associated with degeneration of cartilage and bone (articular level), with muscle weakness and limitations in joint motion (kinesiological level), and with anxiety, coping style, attentional focus on symptoms, and possibly depression (psychological level). Biobehavioral mechanisms of pain and disability which explain the observed associations are described and the empirical evidence for these mechanisms is evaluated. Methodological and conceptual deficiencies in the research reviewed are pointed out and suggestions for further research are given.     

Oral infections and systemic disease—an emerging problem in medicine

The relationship between oral and general health has been increasingly recognised during the past two decades. Several epidemiological studies have linked poor oral health with cardiovascular disease, poor glycaemic control in diabetics, low birth-weight pre-term babies, and a number of other conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Oral infections are also recognised as a problem for individuals suffering from a range of chronic conditions, including cancer and infection with human immunodeficiency virus, as well as patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. This review considers the systemic consequences of odontogenic infections and the possible mechanisms by which oral infection and inflammation can contribute to cardiovascular disease, as well as the oral conditions associated with medically compromised patients. A large number of clinical studies have established the clinical efficacy of topical antimicrobial agents, e.g., chlorhexidine and triclosan, in the prevention and control of oral disease, especially gingivitis and dental plaque. The possible risks of antimicrobial resistance are a concern, and the benefits of long-term use of triclosan require further evaluation. Oral infections have become an increasingly common risk-factor for systemic disease, which clinicians should take into account. Clinicians should increase their knowledge of oral diseases, and dentists must strengthen their understanding of general medicine, in order to avoid unnecessary risks for infection that originate in the mouth.     

Priorities for antibiotic resistance surveillance in Europe

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem. Surveillance studies are needed to monitor resistance development, to guide local empirical therapy, and to implement timely and adequate countermeasures. To achieve this, surveillance studies must have standardised methodologies, be longitudinal, and cover a sufficiently large and representative population. However, many fall short of these requirements that define good surveillance studies. Moreover, current efforts are dispersed among many, mostly small, initiatives with different objectives. These studies must be tailored to the various reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as hospitalised patients, nursing homes, the community, animals and food. Two studies that could serve as examples of tailored programmes are the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS), which collects resistance data during the diagnosis of hospitalised patients, and the DANMAP programme, which collects data in the veterinary sector. As already noted by the WHO, genetic studies that include both the typing of isolates and the characterisation of resistance determinants are necessary to understand fully the spread and development of antibiotic resistance.     

A patient with an interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 6

The clinical history and subsequent progress of a child with an interstitial deletion in the short arm of chromosome 6 is described. This abnormality coupled with a reduced Hageman factor (Factor XII) led to an earlier publication which suggested that this gene was localized to the breakpoint region involved. A review of similar phenotypes from the literature is presented.     

全膝关节置换后不放置引流的相关管理策略

背景:近年来,随着全膝关节置换技术提升、手术时间缩短、术中及术后止血药的应用,其总失血量不断减少,术后引流量也逐渐减少,术后快速康复理论应运而生,引流管放置也再次成为骨科医生所热议的问题,越来越多的医生认为可以常规取消放置引流,引流似乎已可有可无。目的:旨在复习既往文献,对全膝关节置换后引流放置的相关问题归纳总结,提供围术期引流管理的相关经验。方法:检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库等中文数据库,以及PubMed、The Cochrane Library、WebofScience、EMBASE、OVID等外文数据库,以"引流,膝关节置换术"及"totalknee arthroplasty,drainage"为检索词,检索自建库始至2020年2月为止所有与主题相关的文献,总结归纳全膝关节置换后不放置引流管围术期各方面需综合考虑的要素。结果与结论:①引流管的放置问题关乎全膝关节置换手术的最终结果,与术后出血、血肿、血栓、感染等并发症的发生关系密切;②目前全膝关节置换术后不推荐常规放置引流,但不意味着不需要管理,其实际上对临床医护在围术期各方面的管理提出更高的要求,包括但不限于术前适应证选择、手术操作、止血带使用、术中及术后药物使用、物理疗法的使用等。     

Pathophysiology of mild endometriosis: review of literature

Endometriosis is a puzzling condition and the literature ischaracterized by a large number of uncontrolled reports on itsaetiology and pathophysiology. In particular the relationshipbetween mild endometriosis and subfecundity is uncertain. Thispaper critically reviews the published literature on the pathogenesis,prevalence, menstrual symptomatology and natural history ofendometriosis. Furthermore, factors implicated in causing subfecundityin relation to endometriosis and the impact of various treatmentsin enhancing fertility among women with mild endometriosis havebeen assessed.     

Multiple Separations in Microfabricated Channels: From Biological Microenvironments to DNA

A continuous sample introduction and separation scheme is presented as an alternative to the current slab gel and microfabricated chip technologies for biological separations. This new technique involves continuous sample introduction via a conventional small bore capillary coupled to a small dimension rectangular channel. Both free zone and size based separations have been carried out in the rectangular channel. Laser induced fluorescence and electrochemical detection schemes have been employed with this technique. Some of the areas this technology has been used to investigate include monitoring dynamic events from microenvironments, monitoring analytes over long periods of time, and performing DNA separations.     

数据期刊科学数据质量评审主要问题研究——以《全球变化数据仓储电子杂志(中英文)》为例

【目的】 分析数据期刊科学数据质量评审中发现的主要问题,为促进科学数据质量提升,建立数据期刊质量评审行业标准和规范提供参考与借鉴。【方法】 以《全球变化数据仓储电子杂志(中英文)》的数据质量评审实践为例,对元数据质量评审、实体数据质量评审、元数据-实体数据-数据论文初稿对照评审3个方面发现的主要数据质量问题进行归纳和总结,并对其原因进行分析。【结果】 数据质量的主要问题有:元数据内容不完整,表达不规范;实体数据和元数据、数据论文中的数据描述不一致;实体数据的研发方法有疏漏,或缺少科学依据;实体数据与实际情况不符;实体数据内容不完整;实体数据内容不一致;引用实体数据不标注出处,或者标注不规范。【结论】 目前数据质量评审发现的问题比较多,这与当前的科研评价机制、部分作者对待数据缺乏严谨态度等有密切关系。     

负责任同行评议:何谓、何以与何为

【目的】对“负责任同行评议”进行阐释,为促进同行评议质量提升提供参考建议。【方法】对“负责任同行评议”进行解构;针对什么是负责任同行评议、为什么需要负责任同行评议、负责任同行评议涵盖哪些方面,以及如何落实负责任同行评议分别展开讨论。【结果】阐释负责任同行评议的内涵,指出推行负责任同行评议的重要性与迫切性,以及提出推行实践负责任同行评议的保障措施。【结论】负责任同行评议为当前的科研评价问题提供了一个可能的解决方向,可以从理论层面引起研究者的关注,从实践层面引发评审人的思考。