儿童噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症20例分析

目的了解噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的病因,临床特点,治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析20例HLH患儿的发病相关因素,临床特点,实验室检查指标的变化,治疗效果以及转归。结果所有病例均以持续高热起病,均有肝脾肿大,50%患儿有淋巴结肿大;所有患儿二系以上外周血细胞减少,肝功能异常,凝血功能异常有17例(85%),高甘油三脂血症15例(75%),血清铁蛋白增高13例(65%)。17例(85%)骨髓涂片可见组织细胞增生。12例(60%)和感染因素相关,其中8例(40%)明确与EB病毒感染有关。有6例(3%)按HLH-2004方案正规化疗,达到临床治愈。14例(70%)不规范化疗患儿,8例(40%)仍有肝功能异常和体温波动,5例(25%)死亡。结论HLH起病急重,进展快,病死率高。有明显血象、骨髓细胞学、肝功能改变,高甘油三酯血症以及血清铁蛋白改变。对高度怀疑为HLH的患儿,应及早行诊断性治疗,规范按照HLH-2004方案化疗,改善预后。     

Neuropsychological Assessment in a Case of Adult-Onset Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

We present a case of an individual diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), an extremely rare and commonly fatal disorder characterized by rapid dysregulation of immune system processes. Typical age of onset is in childhood, with adult-onset occurring less frequently. The pathophysiology of this condition is characterized by a hyperinflammatory response with infiltration of visceral organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the central nervous system. The clinical presentation has been documented in the extant medical literature. However, there appear to be no published reports of neuropsychological functioning in HLH patients. The patient we present here is a 28-year-old woman with 16 years of education who developed HLH subsequent to systemic lupus erythematosus flare-up. She was initially comatose for 3 weeks. Acute MRI reported multiple subcortical abnormalities, including the brainstem. The patient underwent chemotherapy, immunosuppresant, and steroid treatments. She underwent a neuropsychological evaluation at 2.5 and 7 months post initial presentation. Preliminary neuropsychological evaluation found impairments in motor abilities and aspects of executive functions. Subsequent evaluation showed improved executive function and relative sparing of higher-order cognitive abilities, but continued impairment on motor tests. To our knowledge this is the first study to report neuropsychological data for an adult diagnosed with HLH.     

家族性噬血细胞综合征继发皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤一例并文献复习

目的:探讨家族性噬血细胞综合征（FHL）继发皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤（SPTCL）的临床特点及基因突变情况。方法:选取2012年6月河南省儿童医院收治的1例FHL继发SPTCL患儿为研究对象，回顾性分析其临床特征、疾病演变过程、基因突变及遗传学特点，并复习相关文献。结果:患儿有UNC13D纯合突变伴STXBP2杂合突变，父母及兄长UNC13D为杂合突变。给予HLH-2004方案规律化疗，4年后疾病复发，二次化疗缓解1年后继发SPTCL，给予SMILE方案化疗后行异基因造血干细胞移植，至截稿前无病生存。结论:对儿童噬血细胞综合征应及时完善相关基因检测，以明确原发病诊断。FHL可继发SPTCL，化疗联合异基因造血干细胞移植可能是目前唯一的治愈途径。     

Fatal unexpected death due to X-linked lymphoproliferative disease

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a rare immunodeficiency disease characterized by severe immune disorder and extreme vulnerability to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. Here we report a 14-month-old Chinese boy presenting with fulminant infectious mononucleosis (FIM) following EBV infection, and died of hepatic failure within one week of disease progression. Postmortem examination revealed icterus, ascites, extensive enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly. Histopathological examination showed diffuse proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphoid cells and hemophagocytosis in multiple organs. The family history revealed his brother had died under similar circumstances at 5 five years of age. The cause of death of the boy was ascribed to XLP. To the best of our knowledge, there is few autopsy-confirmed XLP case in the forensic practice. The complicated manifestations and systemic pathological changes should be well recognized by clinicians and forensic pathologists.     

Hyperferritinemia in neonatal and infantile human parechovirus-3 infection in comparison with other infectious diseases

Human parechovirus-3 (HPeV-3) has been associated with severe clinical manifestations in neonates and infants in the form of sepsis or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like illness. To clarify the clinical features of HPeV-3 infection, we compared clinical signs and laboratory findings among enteroviruses (EVs), HPeV-3, and other infections. Participants were 26 febrile infants in whom EVs (n = 20) or HPeV-3 (n = 6) were isolated from throat swab or fecal specimens. Clinical and laboratory data were compared among EVs, HPeV-3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (n = 15), and bacterial meningitis (n = 8) groups. Apnea was frequently seen in the HPeV-3 group although there were no significant differences in other clinical symptoms. Leukocyte count was significantly lower in the HPeV-3 group than in the EV and RSV group. Platelet count was significantly lower in the HPeV-3 group than in the RSV group. Serum ferritin levels in the HPeV-3 group (mean, 2437 ng/ml) and EV group (mean, 552 ng/ml) were significantly higher than in the RSV group (mean 237 ng/ml; P = 0.008 and P = 0.002, respectively). The frequency of patients with clearly high ferritin levels ≥1000 ng/ml was comparatively higher in the HPeV-3 group (4/6) than the EV group (3/20) (P = 0.03). In the HPeV-3 group, ferritin levels were high on Days 4–5. Elevated ferritin levels, decreased leukocyte and platelet counts could offer diagnostic clues to HPeV-3 infection in infant. These laboratory findings might be associated with aberrant immune response to HPeV-3, which could contribute to the development of sepsis or HLH-like illness in neonates.