Utility of INR For Prediction of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage Among Warfarin Users with Head Injury

BackgroundIncidence of delayed intracranial hemorrhage (DICH) in patients on warfarin has been controversial. No previous literature has reported the utility of international normalized ratio (INR) in predicting traumatic DICH.ObjectivesUtilizing INR to risk stratify head trauma patients who may be managed without repeat imaging.MethodsThis was a retrospective study at a Level II trauma center. All patients on warfarin with head injuries from March 2014 to December 31, 2017 were included. Each patient underwent an initial head computed tomography scan (HCT) and subsequent repeat HCT 12 h after. Patients presenting > 12 h after head injury received only one HCT. Two blinded neuroradiologists reviewed each case of DICH. Statistical analysis evaluated Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), age, and platelet count.ResultsThere were 395 patients who qualified for the protocol; 238 were female. Average age was 79 years. Seventy-seven percent of patients underwent repeat HCT. Five resulted in DICH (INR 2.6–3.0), three of which might have been present on initial HCT; incidence rate of 0.51–1.27%. One patient required neurosurgical intervention. Among 80 patients with INR < 2, no DICH was identified, resulting in high sensitivity, but with a wide confidence interval; sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 47.8–100), specificity 21% (95% CI 16.6–28.9). Correlation of factors: ISS (p = 0.039), GCS (p = 0.978), HR (p = 0.601), SBP (p = 0.198), age (p = 0.014), and platelets (p = 0.281).ConclusionNo patient with INR < 2 suffered DICH, suggesting that warfarin users presenting with INR < 2 may be managed without repeat HCT. For INR > 2, patients age and injury severity can be used for shared decision-making to discharge home with standard head injury precautions and no repeat HCT.     

中风患者检测氨基末端脑钠肽前体的临床意义

目的 探讨中风患者氨基末端脑钠肽前体(Nt-pmBNP)检测的临床意义.方法 选择脑梗死患者212例、脑出血患者63例、健康体检者38例,分别检测血浆Nt-pmBNP的含量.结果 血浆Nt-proBNP的含量高于早期心力衰竭预警值的脑梗死患者有32例,阳性率15.1%;脑出血患者有8例,阳性率12.7%,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 中风患者检测Nt-proBNP对预防并发心力衰竭具有重要临床意义.     

数字减影脑血管造影对原发性脑室出血的病因诊断价值

目的探讨DSA在原发性脑室出血(PIVH)原发病因检出中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析25例原发性脑室出血患者的DSA检查结果。结果25例患者中检出AVM8例,MoyaMoya病3例,颅内动脉瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤1例,造影阴性10例。结论DSA检查对甄别原发性脑室出血的病因具有重要的诊断意义,对有条件的PIVH病例均应行DSA检查以明确病因,作进一步病因治疗。     

Prediction and Detection of Secondary Hemorrhages after Thrombolytic Therapy in Ischemic Stroke

Abstract It is well established that thrombolytic therapy increases the risk of secondary intracerebral hemorrhage in ischemic stroke patients. However, the term “intracerebral hemorrhage” (ICH) covers a wide spectrum from tiny spots of blood to massive space-occupying hematoma. We will review the etiology and clinical consequences of secondary hemorrhage after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients and discuss the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict this phenomenon. MRI is a highly sensitive tool for detection of hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke. The definitions of a so-called symptomatic hemorrhage after ischemic infarction differ considerably and will also be described. Attributing a causal relationship of a clinical deterioration to a secondary hemorrhage is not easy and should be only addressed when it exceeds at least 30% of the infarct volume. In other patients, secondary hemorrhage might be regarded as side effect of reperfusion within the region with the most severe perfusion deficit. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are a frequent finding in patients with leukoaraiosis and appear to be a general marker of various types of bleeding- prone small vessel disease and a predictor of recurrent vascular events. Current data do not support the hypothesis that the detection of CMBs is a useful diagnostic criterion for the exclusion of patients with CMBs from thrombolytic therapy. However, an increased risk for the rare patients with numerous CMBs can not be ruled out.      

米索前列醇预防剖宫产后出血344例临床观察

目的:观察米索前列醇预防剖宫产手术后出血的临床效果。方法:随机将有剖宫产手术指征的344例孕妇分为3组,分别为在胎儿娩出后给予米索前列醇200mg舌下含化(A组)、缩宫素静脉滴注及子宫肌层注射(B组)和对照组(C组,不给予任何药物),观察产后不同时间的出血量。结果:产后出血量及出血发生率A、B组均明显少于C组(P<0·05)。结论:米索前列醇对分娩后子宫具有较好的收缩作用,且给药方便、安全性较好。     

Pediatric intracranial aneurysms——clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategies

Objective To assess the radiological characteristics and therapeutic strategies of intracranial aneurysms in children. Methods From our dedicated neurovascular databank of patients, we reviewed 23 consecutive children who had 24 intracranial aneurysms. There were 14 boys and 9 girls with a mean age of 9.09 years ( range 1 - 14 years ). Results Intracranial aneurysms in children ≤ 14 years constituted 1.3% of all intracranial aneurysms. Internal Carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) were the most frequent sites for aneurysms. About 58.3% of the aneurysms were complex, including dissecting, pseudoaneurysm, giant and fusiform aneurysm. 1/3 of all aneurysms were located in posterior circulation. Only 1 case had multiple aneurysms in this case series. Almost half of all cases presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage and others presented with mass effect. 14 cases underwent endovascular treatment. 4 patients received microsurgical therapy. 5 cases did not receive microsurgical or endovascular therapy, 2 of them whose aneurysms spontaneously thrombosed during follow up. One boy with left vertebral artery giant aneurysm died after endovascular therapy owing to gradual thrombosis in basilar artery. Another child had poor outcome because of rerupture of aneurysm before operation. Whereas the majority had a favorable outcome. Conclusions Intracranial aneurysms in children had many clinical and radiological characteristics different from those in adults : ( 1 ) remarkable male predominance; ( 2 ) ICA and MCA were the most common sites for aneurysms; (3) high incidence of large, traumatic, infectious, dissecting and fusiform aneurysms. (4)For pediatric intracranial aneurysms, both microsurgical approaches and endovascular treatment were effective. Endovaacular therapy was the best choice for complex aneurysms.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后慢性脑积水

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后(aSAH)慢性脑积水的发生率及其易患因素。方法回顾性研究2003年1月至2005年9月我科aSAH病例221例,采用单因素及多因素统计方法分析与慢性脑积水发生的相关影响因素。结果慢性脑积水的发生率为12.7%(28/221)。经单因素分析显示,患者年龄、Hunt-Hess级别、Fisher级别、前交通动脉瘤、aSAH次数以及脑室内出血具有统计学意义;多因素logistic回归分析显示,Fisher级别、脑室内出血、aSAH次数、前交通动脉瘤具有统计学意义。结论慢性脑积水为aSAH后一较常见并发症,影响其发生的高危因素包括Fisher级别、脑室内出血、aSAH次数、前交通动脉瘤。对具上述危险因素的aSAH患者应注意跟踪随访,及时诊治。     

未控制出血性休克与TNF—a的关联性及不同液体复苏的作用

目的 研究未控制出血性休克时不同液体复苏的作用以及，INF—a的变化规律，以期阐明限制性液体复苏降低未控制出血性休克的死亡率和改善预后的相关机制。方法采用改良后的Krausz方法建立重度脾创伤未控制出血性休克大鼠模型。采用随机分组的原则将大鼠分为假处理组、限制输液组、常规输液组、不输液组。观察各组动物的出血量、输液量、存活率、存活时间及各时间点的血压、血细胞比容（Hct）和TNF—a的变化情况。结果①限制输液组的输液量明显少于常规输液组（P〈0．05），出血量也明显少于常规输液组（P〈0．05）。②限制输液组Hct明显高于常规输液组（P〈0．05）。②限制输液组的存活时间比常规输液组及不输液组明显延长（P均〈0．05）。限制输液组在72h内的存活率明显高于常规输液组和不输液组。但低于假处理组（P均〈0．1）。④除假处理组外其余各组在伤后90min和180min血TNF—a水平均较伤前均有明显升高（P均〈0．05）；常规输液组，TNF—a水平明显高于限制输液组（P〈0．05）。⑤死亡者TNF—a水平明显高于生存者。结论本研究结果表明，在重度未控制出血条件下，限制性液体复苏可明显降低出血量，提高存活率。未控制性出血休克时的TNF—a水平与预后密切相关，TNF—a高预后不良，而限制性液体复苏时TNF—a水平明显降低。