超声测量膀胱内前列腺突入程度在判断良性前列腺梗阻中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声测量膀胱内前列腺突入程度(IPP)在判断良性前列腺梗阻(BPO)中的临床应用价值. 方法 良性前列腺增生患者109例,经尿动力学检查诊断无前列腺梗阻25例、可疑梗阻15例、梗阻69例.采用经腹超声测量IPP,比较3组患者的IPP变化,统计学比较分析IPP与尿动力学检测指标的相关性. 结果无梗阻组、可疑梗阻组及梗阻组患者的IPP分别为(2.7±1.2)、(2.9±1.4)和(15.4±6.5)mm,无梗阻、可疑梗阻组与梗阻组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).IPP与尿流开始时逼尿肌压、最大尿流率时逼尿肌压、尿流结束时逼尿肌压、最大尿流率及A-G数均相关,r分别为0.628、0.714、0.591、-0.450及0.729(P<0.01).以IPP≥10 mm为BPO判断标准,其敏感性为89.9%、特异性为97.5%、阳性预测值为98.4%、阴性预测值为84.8%,约登指数为0.87. 结论 经腹超声测量IPP操作简便、无痛苦,判断BPO准确,可作为尿动力学诊断BPO的补充方法.     

经皮肾穿刺治疗梗阻性肾积水32例临床分析

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺治疗梗阻性肾积水的临床效果。方法32例梗阻性肾积水患者,根据病情,采用经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流、球囊扩张狭窄处输尿管并留置双J管内引流等方法进行治疗。结果12例患者行输尿管狭窄处球囊扩张治疗后留置双J管,其中1例先天性。肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的患者和9例输尿管手术后吻合口狭窄的患者获得治愈,1例吻合口狭窄的患者再发狭窄行开放手术治疗,2例腹腔肿瘤压迫的患者,1例获得手术治疗,1例失去手术时机,保留肾造瘘管作姑息处理;20例输尿管结石合并感染和肾功能不全的患者,行肾穿刺造瘘引流2周后,均获得手术治疗。结论经皮肾穿刺治疗梗阻性肾积水是一种简单有效的方法,可结合临床患者的具体情况,作为外科手术治疗的有效补充。     

Three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) methods in the evaluation of calcular and non-calcular ureteric obstructive uropathy

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess ureteric obstructive uropathy using three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) methods when the etiology of ureteral obstruction was proved difficult to evaluate with two-dimensional ultrasound (2D US) and plain radiography. METHODS: The study had the local Ethics Committee approval. All patients gave informed consent. 318 patients: 219 men and 99 women (including 16 pregnant women) were selected within a 3-year period for 3D US based on clinical presentation, two dimensional ultrasound (2D US) results and preliminary plain radiography except for pregnant women. 3D US was performed on all patients. 301 patients had further excretory urogram before intervention decisions. RESULTS: The study showed a high accuracy of detection of different levels of ureteric calcular obstruction; 99.1% in men and 96.7% in women. 3D XI technology proved more efficient in stone count (88.9%) than sectional planes and rendering method altogether (55.6%). The success rate of identifying obstructive uropathy due to inflammatory variants showed a perfect diagnostic value of 100%. Similar percentages could be obtained in cases secondary to neoplastic infiltration or permeation of the ureters. Cases compared with excretory urography revealed close correlation with 3D US and superiority of the latter when renal function physiologically altered in some cases of calcular obstructive uropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D US methods in case of obstructive uropathy have proved to be useful as an easy, mobile and non-invasive diagnostic tool, improving 2D US diagnostic utility.     

Combined endovascular and surgical recanalization after central venous catheter-related obstructions

Central venous occlusion in children is a challenging problem that can occur after a central venous catheter insertion. Long-term catheter-related complications include sepsis and venous thrombosis with consequent loss of central access. We describe 2 cases of children younger than 1 year who were dependent on a central venous catheter for total parenteral nutrition. They developed a chronic extensive obstruction of the right and left brachiocephalic veins with a superior vena cava syndrome. The patients' survival was dependent on the restoration of central venous access until the planned intestinal transplantation could be performed. Retrograde recanalization of the superior vena cava was successfully achieved using a pathway created under general anesthesia from the femoral vein to, respectively, the right thyroid vein and the right subclavian vein.     

Effects of Acute Pancreatic Duct Obstruction on Pancreatic Perfusion: Implication of Acute Pancreatic Duct Decompression

Background: Acute pancreatitis can result in pancreatic ischaemia and necrosis. Pancreatic duct (PD) obstruction may be the first step causing ischaemia in acute pancreatitis. Nitric oxide donors can attenuate acute pancreatitis through improvement in compromised pancreatic perfusion (PP). In this study, we determined if (1) PD obstruction altered PP and (2) PD decompression or L-arginine administration reversed this change. Methods: Fifteen Australian possums were randomly assigned to two groups: Animals in group A ( n = 6) were subjected to 30 min of PD obstruction and 60 min of PD decompression. Animals in group B ( n = 9) were subjected to 120 min PD ligation and 60 min PD decompression. A subset group B ( n = 6) were subjected to intravenous L-arginine (100 μg/kg) at the end of 120 min of ligation and at the end of PD decompression. The PP (Laser Doppler fluxmetry), PD pressure and blood pressure were continuously monitored. Results: PD pressure increased from 2.9 ± 2.5 to 18.1 ± 4.9 mmHg following PD ligation. PP was reduced to 67.1% ± 4.5% ( P < 0.01) and 46.2% ± 7.5% ( P < 0.001) of baseline following 30 and 120 min of PD ligation, respectively. Following 60 min of PD decompression, PP was restored to 89.1% ± 13.4% ( P < 0.02) of the baseline in the 30-min group. However, following 120 min PD ligation, PP remained depressed. L-arginine administration after 120 min of PD ligation transiently increased PP from 46.2% ± 7.5% to 81.1% ± 8.6% ( P < 0.03) of baseline. This effect was reproduced if L-arginine was administered at the end of decompression ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients with acute pancreatitis due to obstructive causes, early decompression of the PD may prevent early pancreatic ischaemia.     

左半结肠癌梗阻急诊一期切除吻合

目的 探讨左半结肠癌梗阻者实施一期切除吻合的可行性。方法 24例左半结肠癌梗阻的患者，采用术前低压灌肠清洁远端肠道、术中结肠灌洗，应用有效的抗生素。加强围手术期营养支持等综合措施，手术中完成一期肠切除吻合。结果 开始正常排便时间：3d4例；4d5例；5d10例；6d3例；7d以上2例。吻合口漏：1例；切口感染：2例，经换药愈合。术后住院时间：12－45d，大多数20－23d。全组患者无死亡。结论 严格掌握手术适应证，采用综合的治疗措施，加强围手术期营养支持是一期切除吻合手术成败的关键。     

膀胱角或膀胱瓣输尿管吻合术处理下段输尿管狭窄(附16例报告)

目的：介绍两种输尿管膀胱吻合的手术方法。方法：采用膀胱角输尿管吻合术(9例)和膀胱壁瓣输尿管吻合术(7例)治疗输尿管下段长段狭窄或缺损16例，13例为盆腔输尿管下段手术或妇产科手术后继发狭窄的切除后吻合，3例为下段输尿管病变切除后缺损修复。结果：所有患者均吻合成功，尿路梗阻消除，未发生新的再狭窄。结论：该两种术式适用于各种原因引起的盆腔段输尿管长段缺损或狭窄，可修复膀胱输尿管缺损距离在3～10cm的患者。     

输尿管镜在急性上尿路梗阻性肾功能衰竭中的临床应用

目的探讨急性上尿路梗阻性肾功能衰竭的治疗方法。方法采用输尿管镜检查,酌情气压弹道碎石,放置双J管内引流治疗76例急性上尿路梗阻性肾功能衰竭患者。结果术后患者血清BUN、SCr均明显下降,尿量不同程度恢复。结论输尿管镜诊治急性上尿路梗阻性肾功能衰竭,具有安全、疗效可靠、损伤小等优点,能同时处理双侧输尿管病变,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Comparison of computed tomography-enteroclysis and traditional computed tomography in the setting of suspected partial small bowel obstruction

Traditional computed tomography (CT) is sometimes limited in its ability to diagnose partial small bowel obstruction (SBO), especially if low grade. Standard enteroclysis is sensitive in diagnosing partial SBO; however, extraluminal abnormalities are not well visualized. CT-enteroclysis (CT-E) offers both crosssectional imaging and a contrast volume challenge. CT-E is compared to traditional abdominal/pelvic CT to identify any group(s) of patients who might benefit from having CT-E as the front-line examination. We performed a retrospective review of 36 patients who underwent both CT-E and traditional CT in the evaluation of suspected partial SBO. Chart review and surgical results were used as gold standards. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated and compared for each modality. Chart review was performed to identify the major referral categories for utilization review. Two referral categories were identified: (1) patients with a history of malignancy (N=15), and (2) patients with a benign medical or surgical history (N=21). Overall, CT-E was more sensitive (89%; 16 of 18 patients) in diagnosing partial SBO than was traditional CT (50%; 9 of 18). This was especially evident when considering only patients who presented with a history of malignancy. Of these patients, CT-E was 100% sensitive (8 of 8), whereas traditional CT was only 25% sensitive (2 of 8). The specificity of each modality was almost equivalent (100% for CT-E vs. 94% for CT). Of the patients with malignancy, CT-E was able to identify tumor involvement of the small bowel with 100% sensitivity (7 of 7), as compared with only 57% (4 of 7) for traditional CT. In patients with malignancy, CT-E was found to be superior to traditional CT in identifying partial SBO and in identifying small bowel intraluminal or intramural disease. The greater strength of CT-E is its superiority in excluding disease of the small bowel, a desired trait in the management of patients with malignancy. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or of the Department of Defense.