重型肝炎/肝衰竭临床分类的进一步探讨

目的提高对重型肝炎，肝衰竭临床分类的进一步认识。方法回顾分析25l例急性、亚急性肝衰竭患者的临床资料，按照病因分为无肝病基础组（第l组）、肝炎组（第2组）、肝硬化组（第3组）共3组，并对每组中急性、亚急性肝衰竭的实验室检查、肝性脑病的发病率及预后进行统计学分析。结果（1）转氨酶、胆碱脂酶及白蛋白的差异：无论是急性还是亚急性肝衰竭中，无肝病基础组转氨酶、胆碱脂酶及白蛋白均明显高于有肝病基础患者，特别是高于肝硬化组患者（P〈0．05）；（2）肝性脑病的发病率及各等级分布：在l、2、3组中，急性肝衰竭肝性脑病的发病率分别为100．00％，66．23％和51．02％；亚急性肝衰竭分别为71．42％，54．81％和49．99％；（3）在预后方面：在1、2、3组中急性肝衰竭的好转治愈率分别为15．38％、42．85％和26．09％；亚急性肝衰竭患者33．33％、51．39％和36．85％，3组具有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论无论是急性还是亚急性发病，3组重型肝炎，肝衰竭患者的临床特点及其预后均有差异，依此进行分类，有其临床实用性及科学性，将能更好的指导临床诊断、治疗和预后判断。     

妊娠高血压疾病与偶联因子、前列环素的相关性研究

目的通过对不同程度、不同孕周妊娠高血压疾病患者、正常孕妇血管内皮细胞活性物质—偶联因子6(CF6)、前列环素I2(PGI2)的检测,探讨其与妊娠高血压疾病发病的相关性。方法选择妊娠高血压疾病患者36例作为研究组,再选同期与之孕周、年龄相匹配的正常孕妇33例作为对照组,采用放射免疫方法检测CF6、PGI2的血浆含量。结果研究组CF6水平明显高于对照组,分别为491.5±95.3(pg/ml);255.3±75.5(pg/ml),两组比较,P<0.01,有极显著性差异;研究组PGI2水平低于对照组,分别为133.5±76.7pg/ml;216.6±89.1(pg/ml),P<0.05,有显著性差异。研究组平均动脉压(MAP)、产时出血量多于对照组,而新生儿体重、Apgar评分均低于对照组,P<0.01,有显著性差异。结论CF6、PGI2两种血管活性物质的失调可能在妊娠高血压疾病的形成过程产生重要的作用。     

肠淋巴途径在二次打击致大鼠MODS的发病学作用

目的：探讨淋巴途径在二次打击致大鼠MODS的发病学作用。 方法： 结扎肠系膜淋巴管致肠淋巴液断流，以二次打击方法复制MODS模型。Wistar大鼠45只均分为结扎组、未结扎组、假手术组3组，术前及创伤后24 h取血，制备肾、肝、肺、心、肠组织10%匀浆，检测TNFα、NO、MDA、SOD等指标。 结果： 成功复制了MODS大鼠模型。二次打击后，未结扎组大鼠血清TNFα、NO2-/NO3-、NOS、iNOS、MDA均显著高于实验前及假手术组，SOD显著下降（P<0.01，P<0.05）；结扎组大鼠血清NO2-/NO3-、NOS、MDA高于假手术组（P<0.01），TNFα、NO2-/NO3-、iNOS、MDA显著低于未结扎组，SOD显著高于未结扎组（P<0.01）。未结扎组肠匀浆TNFα、NO2-/NO3-、NOS、iNOS、MDA，肾匀浆NO2-/NO3-、NOS、MDA，肝匀浆NO2-/NO3-、MDA及肺、心匀浆NO2-/NO3-均显著高于假手术组，肠匀浆SOD显著低于假手术组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；结扎组肾匀浆NO2-/NO3-、MDA及肝匀浆MDA显著高于假手术组（P<0.01，P<0.05）。结扎组肠、肾、肝匀浆NO2-/NO3-显著低于未结扎组，肠、心匀浆SOD显著高于未结扎组（P<0.01）。 结论： 肠系膜淋巴管结扎阻断了二次打击所致内毒素经淋巴流的移位，抑制TNFα释放，使iNOS生成减少，NO形成降低，减少自由基释放与SOD消耗，MODS的淋巴机制值得重视。     

兔急性肾功能衰竭时胰腺形态与功能及自由基、一氧化氮的变化

目的：探讨家兔急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）时胰腺的变化及机制。 方法： 60只家兔均分为4组。ARF模型1组：皮下注射1%HgCl2（1.3 mL/kg）；ARF模型2组：肌肉注射50%甘油（10 mL/kg）；以等量生理盐水代替HgCl2或甘油分别作为对照1、2组。24 h后，经Aeroset型全自动生化分析仪测定血清BUN、Cre及胰淀粉酶（AMY）活性；以放射免疫法检测血清胰岛素（INS）水平；制作胰腺病理切片，观察其组织等变化；制备10%胰匀浆，检测自由基及一氧化氮（NO）水平的变化。 结果： ARF时胰腺细胞有空泡变性、坏死等改变。ARF模型1、2组血清AMY活性均显著高于相应对照组，血清INS水平显著低于相应对照组（P<0.05，P<0.01）；胰匀浆MDA、NO2-/NO3-含量及NOS活性高于对照组，SOD活性低于对照组（P<0.05，P<0.01）。 结论： 兔急性肾功能衰竭时，胰腺可发生形态及功能变化，其机制可能与自由基损伤及NO升高有关。     

樟柳碱、东莨菪碱、山莨菪碱对急性肾衰大鼠肾微血管损伤的保护作用

目的 :研究急性肾衰时肾微血管的损伤及樟柳碱、东莨菪碱、山菪莨碱对这些损伤的影响。方法 :采用左肾动脉注射油酸的方法建立大鼠急性肾衰模型 ,采用电镜、光镜及TTC显色观察大鼠急性肾衰不同时期肾微血管超微结构、肾组织结构及TTC显色的改变。结果 :左肾动脉注射油酸后 1 0min ,肾小球毛细血管内皮细胞坏死 ;肾小球毛细血管不同程度充血肿胀 ,在皮质与髓质交界区 ,可见小血管内充满大量红细胞 ;TTC显色呈鲜红色。注射油酸后 6h和 2 4h上述损伤加重 ,TTC显然出现典型的不显色苍白区。三种莨菪药物不同程度减轻了急性肾衰时肾微血管损伤 ,改善了肾组织缺血 ,减少了肾小管上皮细胞坏死数。结论 :急性肾衰时很早即出现肾微血管的损伤 ,三种莨菪药对急性肾衰时肾微血管和组织结构的损伤均有保护作用。     

Autoimmune hepatitis associated with bile duct injury resembling chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are representative autoimmune liver diseases in which hepatocytes and intrahepatic bile ducts, respectively, are selectively damaged by autoimmune mechanisms. Bile duct injury and loss is characteristic of PBC and chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis (CNSDC), in particular, is a histological hallmark of PBC. In this report, we present an unusual case of AIH accompanied by CNSDC-like bile duct injury in a 46-year-old woman. The patient's serum aminotransferase level was abnormally high. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-GTP and IgG were also elevated, but the IgM level was within normal limits. The titer of antismooth muscle antibody (SMA) was 1:80, while antinuclear autoantibody (ANA) and the M2 fraction of antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) were both negative. Liver biopsy disclosed CNSDC-like bile duct injuries and severe interface hepatitis and lobular hepatitis with perivenular zonal necrosis were observed. The aggregate score of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group corresponded to the category of probable AIH. Immunohistochemically, histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR, which is aberrantly expressed in the damaged bile ducts of PBC, was not found in the injured bile ducts of this case. Laboratory data were much improved by treatment with prednisone, but ursodeoxycholic acid was not effective. Although the possibility of an overlapping syndrome of AIH- and AMA-negative PBC could not be excluded, this case was diagnosed as AIH with CNSDC-like bile duct lesions.     

IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis reacting with the measles virus matrix protein and nucleoprotein

The antigenic specificity of measles virus IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis not caused by hepatitis B virus has been examined. An immunosorbent column containing antihuman IgM covalently bound to Sepharose was used to pick up IgM from the sera. Radiolabelled measles virus antigens were then allowed to react with the IgM antibodies. The immune complexes were eluted and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four sera from patients with hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]-negative chronic active hepatitis with high measles virus haemagglutination inhibition [HI] and complement fixation [CF] antibody titres and positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for measles-virus-specific IgM were examined. The results were compared with those obtained using sera from patients with an acute measles virus infection and from healthy controls. In both patient groups, IgM antibodies with specificity against the matrix protein represented the major portion of the measles virus IgM. IgM antibodies against the measles virus nucleoprotein and probably against host-cell-derived actin were also present. The patient sera contained only traces of IgM antibodies with specificity against the measles virus haemagglutinin or fusion protein. No specific IgM antibodies were found in sera from healthy controls.     

Duodenal wall cysts may be derived from a ductal component of ectopic pancreatic tissue

AIMS: To clarify the mechanism of origin of duodenal wall cysts in patients with chronic pancreatitis, developing into duodenal stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Specimens from 12 pancreatoduodenectomized patients with chronic pancreatitis and 51 controls were studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Variously shaped cystic lesions, averaging about 15 mm in diameter, were found in the duodenum in six of the 12 patients with chronic pancreatitis, but were not observed in the controls. Each case had an average of two cysts, which were located mainly in the muscularis propria of the duodenum with or without submucosal or extraduodenal-peripancreatic extensions. The inner part of the cyst wall consisted of a moderate rim of granulation tissue, with both myofibroblasts and smooth muscle proliferation in the tissue surrounding the cyst and the submucosal layer of the duodenum, occasionally accompanied by an epithelial lining. A ductal structure in the muscularis propria of the duodenum, possibly a ductal component of ectopic pancreatic tissue, was found in five of the six cases. Some of these structures showed cystic changes. Three of the six patients had accompanying duodenal stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Duodenal wall cysts occur mainly in the muscularis propria of the duodenum associated with both myofibroblasts and smooth muscle proliferation, and may result in duodenal stenosis. These cysts may be derived from a ductal component of ectopic pancreatic tissue.     

Glomerular Hypertrophy in Offspring of Subtotally Nephrectomized Ewes

We have shown that fetuses whose mothers underwent subtotal nephrectomy (STNx) before pregnancy had high urine flow rates and sodium excretions, but lower hematocrits, plasma chloride, and plasma renin levels compared with controls. To see if these functional differences in utero persist after birth and are the result of altered renal development, we studied 8 lambs born to STNx mothers (STNxL) and 10 controls (ConL) in the second week of life. These lambs were of similar body weights, nose–rump lengths and abdominal girths. Their kidney weights were not different (ConL 36.1 ± 1.9 vs. STNxL 39.8 ± 3.3 g), nor were kidney dimensions or glomerular number (ConL 423,520 ± 22,194 vs. STNxL 429,530 ± 27,471 glomeruli). However, STNxL had 30% larger glomerular volumes (both mean and total, P < 0.01) and there was a positive relationship between total glomerular volume and urinary protein excretion (P < 0.05) in STNxL. Despite this change in glomerular morphology, glomerular filtration rate, tubular function, urine flow, and sodium excretion rates were not different between STNxL and ConL, nor were plasma electrolytes, osmolality, and plasma renin levels. Thus while many of the functional differences seen in late gestation were not present at 1–2 weeks after birth, the alteration in glomerular size and its relationship to protein excretion suggests that exposure to this altered intrauterine environment may predispose offspring of mothers with renal dysfunction to renal disease in adult life. Anat Rec, 291:318–324, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

慢性肾衰患者外周血IL-18水平及血液透析对其的影响

为探讨慢性肾衰竭 (CRF )患者外周血IL 18表达量的变化以及血液透析 (HD )对其表达的影响 ,选取 10名健康志愿者及 2 9例CRF患者 ,应用ELISA测定血浆IL 18水平 ,同时采用半定量逆转录多聚酶链反应 (RT PCR )技术 ,检测PBMC中IL 18mRNA表达量。结果是未行HD的CRF患者血浆IL 18水平及PBMCIL 18mRNA表达量较正常对照组增高 ,差异有显著统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ,单次HD对CRF患者血浆IL 18水平及基因表达无明显影响 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但长期维持HD则可使CRF患者外周血IL 18水平及基因表达增高 (P <0 0 5 )。提示外周血IL 18的高表达可能参与CRF的发病过程及HD相关并发症的发生发展