慢性肾功能不全患者血清及尿液超氧化物歧化酶含量的变化

用放射免疫分析测定７５例肾病患者血清和尿液含铜锌离子超氧化物歧化酶（Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，简称Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ或ＳＯＤ－１）的含量，并与５１名健康人对比。结果显示，慢性肾功能不全（ＣＲＦ）血透组患者血清ＳＯＤ－１含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），随着血液透析期的延长，其含量有渐升趋势；非血透组略有降低（Ｐ＞０．０５；其它肾病组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。三组患者尿液ＳＯＤ－１含量呈不同程度增高（Ｐ均＜０．０１），并随着病变的严重程度而增幅更明显，血／尿ＳＯＤ－１比值也随之降低。本文初步分析了这些变化的原因及意义。     

A low molecular weight heparin in hemodialysis

Summary The purpose of our study was to check whether the dosage recommended for the low molecular weight heparin tested here, i.e., 50% of the corresponding unfractionated heparin dose, is adequate to prevent clot formation in the extracorporeal system. Sixteen dialysis treatments of 4–5 h were given to each of six chronic dialysis patients. In dialyses 1, 2, 15 and 16 unfractionated heparin (initial dose 35 IU/kg, continuous dose 20 IU/kg/h) was given, and in dialyses 3–14 low molecular weight heparin (initial dose 17.5 anti-Xa U/kg, continuous dose 10 anti-X U/kg/h). At these dose levels of low molecular weight heparin, clot formation occurred in the extracorporeal system in five of the six patients, despite the fact that the plasma anti-Xa level of 0.5 U/ml recommended by the manufacturer had been attained. For this reason the continuous dose of low molecular weight heparin had to be raised to approx. 80% of the corresponding continuous dose of unfractionated heparin. A plasma anti-Xa level of 0.7 U/ml is necessary to prevent extracorporeal clot formation.Abbreviations anti-Xa U Anti-factor Xa unit - aPTT Activated partial thromboplastin time - AT III Antithrombin III - IU International unit - LMWH Low molecular weight heparin - UFH Unfractionated heparin     

Increased brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide plasma concentrations in dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure and in patients with elevated left ventricular filling pressure

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma concentrations were measured in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure and in patients with coronary artery disease exhibiting normal or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (n = 30 each). Blood samples were obtained from the arterial line of the arteriovenous shunt before, 2 h after the beginning of, and at the end of hemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. In patients with coronary artery disease arterial blood samples were collected during cardiac catheterization. BNP and ANP concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay after Sep Pak C₁₈ extraction. BNP and ANP concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.001) during hemodialysis (BNP: 192.1 ± 24.9, 178.6 ± 23.0, 167.2 ± 21.8 pg/ml; ANP: 240.2 ± 28.7, 166.7 ± 21.3, 133.0 ± 15.5 pg/ml). The decrease in BNP plasma concentrations, however, was less marked than that in ANP plasma levels (BNP 13.5 ± 1.8%, ANP 40.2 ± 3.5%; P < 0.001). Plasma BNP and ANP concentrations were 10.7 ± 1.0 and 60.3 ± 4. 0 pg/ml in patients with normal LVEDP and 31.7 ± 3.6 and 118.3 ± 9.4 pg/ml in patients with elevated LVEDP. These data demonstrate that BNP and ANP levels are strongly elevated in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure compared to patients with normal LVEDP (BNP 15.6-fold, ANP 2.2-fold, after hemodialysis; P < 0.001 or elevated LVEDP (BNP 6.1-fold, ANP 2.0-fold, before hemodialysis; P < 0.001), and that the elevation in BNP concentrations was more pronounced than that in ANP plasma concentrations. The present results provide support that other factors than volume overload, for example, decreased renal clearance, are also involved in the elevationin BNP and ANP plasma levels in chronic renal failure. The stronger elevation in BNP concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure and in patients with elevated LVEDP and the less pronounced decrease during hemodialysis suggest a different regulation of BNP and ANP plasma concentrations.[/ p]Abbreviations ANP atrial natriuretic peptide - BNP brain natriuretic peptide - LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure Correspondence to: C. Haug     

The Current Status and Future of the Artificial Kidney

The use of the artificial kidney can presently be extended to almost all patients with end-stage renal failure. To reduce the cost of treatment, technological choices have to be made. These are always a compromise between cost and adequacy. The liberty obtained by technical improvements to perform a dialysis "à la carte," depending on patient and doctor wishes, is one of the main characteristics of the present status of hemodialysis.     

血液透析护理质量控制指标构建与应用

目的构建血液透析护理质量控制指标,为持续改进血液透析护理质量提供依据。方法基于文献回顾、专家评价、德尔菲法等初步确定指标,经由全国护理质量促进联盟血液净化专业组讨论后最终确定血液透析护理质量控制指标。于2021年11月在陕西省119家医院血液透析室进行试点应用。结果共确定了5项血液透析护理质量控制指标。陕西省119家医院血液透析室护患比均达到1:0.5,体外循环凝血发生率、体外循环漏血发生率、内瘘穿刺损伤发生率、血液透析导管相关血流感染发生率分别为0.468%、0.033%、0.663%、0.199‰,二级医院各项指标发生率均高于三级医院。结论血液透析护理质量控制指标适用于血液透析专科护理管理与质量评价。建议各省血液净化、护理质控中心从信息平台、质量评价标准、指标数据填报人员培训、基层帮扶、适宜血液透析护理技术推广等方面持续改进血液透析护理质量。     

血液透析机超滤控制装置临床使用故障特点调研分析

目的:调研血液透析机内部超滤控制装置故障发生情况及特点,分析原因规范其维护保养。方法:对上海市82家血液净化中心(室)的3 664台透析设备超滤故障进行调研,分析故障发生特点,找出超滤故障和超滤偏差发生原因。从执行透析设备自检程序、制定透析设备维护管理制度、掌握超滤控制装置结构部件误差和其他人为因素4个方面制定血液透析机超滤故障解决方案。结果:在82家血液净化中心(室)的3664台透析机中,超滤故障1 692台(次),其中使用年限>5年的"平衡腔+超滤泵"类故障率最高,占比31.21%。血液透析机临床使用管理制度缺失、透析机日常消毒疏忽和专职透析临床工程师配置不足是超滤故障和超滤偏差发生的主要原因。结论:血液净化中心(室)应定期进行透析设备超滤控制装置的维护检查,规范血液透析机使用管理,严格细致的维护保养,配备专职透析临床工程师,保障血液透析机超滤控制装置日常运作的精准性和稳定性,确保透析患者获得最佳透析效果。     

血液透析设备故障案例分析

血液透析(HD)是急慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾脏替代治疗方式之一,通过HD的治疗可以延长患者的生命,而血液透析机和水处理机是HD治疗过程中最为重要的设备,当设备出现故障时,快速分析和解决故障是HD患者顺利完成治疗的重要保障。     

终末期肾病血液透析患者生存期与相关因素分析

目的 调查分析终末期肾病血液透析患者生存期与相关因素。方法 选择2015年1月至2015年11月于我院行维持性血液透析的116例终末期肾病患者,统计其生存期。根据5年随访结果将患者分为生存组和死亡组,建立Logistic回归模型分析影响患者生存的危险因素。结果 随访结果显示,患者1年、 3年、 5年生存率分别为93.97%、 75.00%、 50.86%。单因素分析结果显示,两组患者的年龄、血压及Hb、 Glu、 Alb、 HDL水平比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,年龄、血压、 Glu、 Alb是影响终末期肾病血液透析患者生存的独立因素(P<0.05)。结论 随着终末期肾病血液透析患者维持性血液透析时间的延长,患者的生存率逐年降低,且患者年龄、血压、 Glu及Alb水平与患者生存期密切相关。     

血液透析治疗小儿急性肾功能衰竭12例

目的 探讨小儿急性肾衰血液透析时血液通路的建立,体外循环血容量,透析器面积及肝素用量等方面的特点及方法,以尽力避免透析并发症的发生。方法 回顾性分析我院血液透析中心自1998年6月至2000年8月的12例急性肾功能衰竭患儿（男7例,女5例,年龄6－13岁,平均10岁,体重19－38kg,平均27.79kg)行血液透析治疗。结果 所有12例患儿经1－6次血液透析治疗后,血尿素氮、肌酐明显下降。患儿透析时血压无明显变化,也无其他透析并发症发生,均顺利完成每次透析治疗。结论 对于体重超过20kg急性肾衰的患儿,血液透析治疗是一种行之有效的方法。只要建立良好的血管通路,使用适当的透析器,调整适当的血流量、透析时间及适当的超滤量,患儿就能够耐受血液透析,避免透析并发症的发生,提高肾衰患儿的生存率。     

The impact of location and patency of the arteriovenous fistula on quality of life of kidney transplant recipients

BackgroundArteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) may remain patent after kidney transplantation (KTx), contributing to maladaptive cardiac remodeling. The flow in AVFs is associated with the diameter of its vessels and thus with the AVF location. The main objective of this study is to assess the influence of AVF location and its patency on the self-reported quality of life (QOL) of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with past history of hemodialysis.MethodsTo gain clinical data, during a scheduled visit, 353 KTRs were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire. From this group, 284 respondents were found eligible for analysis. The outcome was defined as prevalence of symptoms and health status, measured with the Left Ventricular Dysfunction-36 (LVD-36) Questionnaire in symptomatic patients.ResultsThe hemodialysis patients (n = 243) were divided into two groups according to AVF location, i.e., DAVF – distally located AVF – (n = 174) and PAVF – proximally located AVF – (n = 69). The proportion of patients with heart failure (HF) was higher in PAVF group (24% vs. 12%, p = 0.0482). In the multivariable regression, PAVF, serum creatinine levels, and the presence of HF or coronary artery disease (CAD) remained independent predictors of lower functional capacity. Among patients with heart disease, the presence of active AVF was independently associated with worse functional outcome (higher LVD-36 scores).ConclusionsThe influence of persistent PAVF in KTRs seems to be unfavorable, especially when coexisting with CAD or HF. Abbreviations: AVF arteriovenous fistula; BMI body mass index; CAD coronary artery disease; D-AVF distally-located arteriovenous fistula; EC exercise capacity; HD hemodialysis; HF heart failure; KTx kidney transplantation; KTR kidney transplant recipient; LVD-36 Left Ventricle Disfunction – 36; LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction; LVH left ventricle hypertrophy; NYHA New York Heart Association; P-AVF proximally located arteriovenous fistula; PD peritoneal dialysis; PRO patient-reported outcomes; QOL quality of life.