A critical assessment of published guidelines and other decision-support systems for the antibiotic treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections

Guidelines are an important means by which professional associations and governments have sought to improve the quality and cost-effectiveness of disease management for infectious diseases. Prescribing of initial antibiotic therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is primarily empiric and physicians may often have a limited appreciation of bacterial resistance. Recent guidelines for managing RTIs have adopted a more evidence-based approach. This process has highlighted important gaps in the existing knowledge base, e.g. concerning the impact of resistance on the effectiveness of oral antibiotics for outpatient community-acquired pneumonia and the level of resistance that should prompt a change in empiric prescribing. In upper RTIs, the challenge is to identify patients in whom antibiotic therapy is warranted. Concentrated, sustained efforts are needed to secure physicians' use of guidelines. The information should be distilled into a simple format available at the point of prescribing and supported by other behavioral change techniques (e.g. educational outreach visits). Advances in information technology offer the promise of more dynamic, computer-assisted forms of guidance. Thus, RTI prescribing guidelines and other prescribing support systems should help control bacterial resistance in the community. However, their effect on resistance patterns is largely unknown and there is an urgent need for collaborative research in this area. Rapid, cost-effective diagnostic techniques are also required and new antibiotics will continue to have a role in disease management.     

某型钢珠弹对绵羊四肢致伤效应的现场实验

目的 观察某型钢珠弹对四肢的致伤特点及规律,为四肢爆炸伤的救治提供依据。方法 以现场实验的方式,观察某型钢珠弹引爆后对实验动物的致伤作用。结果 伤后即刻死亡率为53.3%,伤后6h达70.6%,四肢残片伤的发生率为56.7%,其中软组织损伤占66.7%,骨折发生率为23.3%,且均为粉碎性骨折。合并伤以胸、腹部最为多见,分别为70.6%和64.7%。结论 四肢爆炸伤在该试验中发生率高,局部组织毁损严重,骨折均为粉碎性骨折,合合并全身多处损伤。     

肖少卿教授针灸验案3则

从中风失语、鼻渊哮喘、顽固性呃递三验案,介绍了肖少卿教授檀长经穴透刺、针药并角、针灸手法独特的经验。     

中年人上颌前突错 的修复正畸疗效评价

目的　评价修复正畸法对中年人上颌前突错治疗的疗效。方法　应用修复正畸法在短时间内对 18例中年人 (女性 16例 ,男性 2例 ,平均年龄 45 .6岁 )上颌前突进行治疗 ,并以X线头颅侧位定位片分析方法 ,对其疗效进行评价。结果　经过修复正畸法治疗 ,上中切牙长轴明显舌侧倾斜 ,上下中切牙构成角度趋于正常 ,覆、覆盖关系基本接近正常 ;上下唇软组织最前点明显后退 ,侧貌形态显著改善。结论　修复正畸法为不适合正畸治疗的中年人错畸形提供了行之有效的治疗手段。     

Extradural Extranasal Combined Transmaxillary Transsphenoidal Approach to the Cavernous Sinus: A Minimally Invasive Microsurgical Model

The authors have previously described an extradural transmaxillary approach to the anterior compartment of the cavernous sinus. In an effort to expand the surgical access to that area without necessitating a craniotomy or wide transfacial dissection, they present a modification of the transmaxillary approach to the sellar region and cavernous sinus. Methods: The approach was developed on 12 fresh and 12 embalmed cadaveric specimen, and 2 dry skulls. The initial sublabial incision is followed by a maxillotomy to expose the course of the infraorbital nerve (terminal branch of maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve) on the roof of the maxillary sinus. The route of the infraorbital nerve is traced to the pterygopalatine fossa as a guide to the foramen rotundum. Superomedial drilling of the foramen rotundum is then performed to reveal the contents of the superior orbital fissure. After the nerves are safely identified in the superior orbital fissure, medial enlargement of the window into the cavernous sinus is made possible by drilling the lateral and posterior wall and septum of the sphenoid sinus. Results: The combined transmaxillary transsphenoidal approach offers an excellent exposure of the sellar and infrasellar region. The approach offers clear visualization of the ipsilateral loop of the carotid artery, the pituitary fossa, and the cranial nerves of the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. Mean operative reach is 38 mm from the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus to the ipsilateral carotid loop and 56 mm to the contralateral loop. The width of the operative window is 26 mm at the base within the cavernous sinus. Conclusion: The model offers a minimally invasive approach that avoids the need for craniotomy or violating the nasal cavity. It may be safely employed to access vascular as well as invasive lesions of the sellar and infrasellar region. The approach offers excellent visualization of the ipsilateral intracavernous carotid artery with both proximal and distal control, as well as cranial nerves III, IV, VI, V2, the hypophyseal region, and the medial aspect of the contralateral cavernous sinus.     

Tumor Necrosis Factor Gene Polymorphism in Chronic Sinusitis

Objectives It is likely that genetic factors play a role in the etiology of chronic sinusitis, and airway inflammation is an important pathological feature in chronic sinusitis. We hypothesized that individuals with greater inflammatory responses may be more likely to acquire the disease. Polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes have been described, and certain inflammatory diseases are reportedly associated with certain alleles of TNF genes. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an association between some alleles of TNF genes and chronic sinusitis. Study Design Thirty‐eight Japanese patients with intractable chronic sinusitis were selected on the basis of the following criteria: 1) persistent mucous or mucopurulent nasal discharge and/or postnasal dripping for longer than 3 years and 2) opacification in bilateral maxillary sinuses and ethmoid cells on plain radiographic films. Methods Both tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and tumor necrosis factor‐β (TNF‐β) gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphisms in these patients and 35 healthy control subjects. Results A significantly higher frequency (P < .05) of TNFB*2 allele of TNF‐β gene polymorphism was observed in patients with chronic sinusitis (74%) compared with control subjects (56%). There was no association between alleles of TNF‐α and chronic sinusitis. Conclusion We concluded that TNF‐β gene polymorphism may form a component of the genetic predisposition to chronic sinusitis in Japanese patients.     

鼻内窥镜加柯-陆手术联合进路治疗慢性鼻窦炎

目的：探讨提高慢性鼻窦炎疗效的方法。方法：对１０４例伴有上颌窦病变的慢性鼻窦炎患者行鼻内窥镜和柯－陆手术联合进路鼻窦手术,彻底清除病变。结果：术后随访６～１２个月（平均９个月）,治愈８５例（８１．７％）,好转１５例（１４．４％）,无效４例（３．８％）,总有效率９６．１％。结论：该方法可彻底清除上颌窦病变,恢复上颌窦的生理性引流通道,防止复发,弥补了经鼻内窥镜鼻窦手术在处理上颌窦病变时的局限性。     

Effect of superantigen on ion electrophysiology and permeability in rabbit maxillary sinus epithelia

Objective Superantigens are potent inflammatory stimuli which derive from pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of superantigens on the function of rabbit maxillary sinus epithelium. Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Rabbit sinus mucosa was separated under a surgical microscope and mounted in Ussing chambers to record short circuit current, conductance and permeability to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Group A was used as normal control. Group B was stimulated with an injection of superantigen into the sinus for 4 hours. The sinus mucosa of Group C was stimulated by the addition of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) into Ussing chambers. Group D sinus mucosa was stimulated by superantigen after pretreatment with anti-TNF-α antibody. Results Superantigen evoked increases in sinus epithelial cell baseline short circuit current, conductance and permeability to HRP stimulated by the addition of TNF-α into Ussing chambers. These were similar to results from superantigen stimulation in vivo. The effect of superantigen on sinus epithelial cells could be blocked by pretreatment with anti-TNF-α antibody. Conclusions Superantigen affected the function of sinus epithelial cells, including the capability of epithelial defensive barrier, which might be mediated by TNF-α.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗前后鼻窦炎的CT观察

目的：研究鼻咽癌放射治疗与鼻窦炎的关系。方法：对１２７例鼻咽癌放疗前、后病人的鼻咽ＣＴ进行观察,并对鼻窦炎的发病情况及其相关因素进行分析。结果：放疗前鼻窦炎发病率为４９％,放疗后鼻窦炎发病率为８６％,其中放疗前无鼻窦炎者放疗后７２％患有鼻窦炎。放疗后６个月至１年是发生鼻窦炎的高峰期。结论：鼻咽癌患者的鼻窦炎的发病率较高,其发病与肿瘤的Ｔ分期、肿瘤的发生部位等因素有关。放疗可便鼻窦炎的发病率增加,谚     

用鼻内窥镜诊治干酪性上颌窦炎

用鼻内窥镜诊断和治疗干酪性上颌窦炎２０ 例,２ 例因息肉复发及下鼻甲肥厚效果不理想,余者皆恢复良好。鼻内窥镜下诊断本病准确、直观,治疗的关键是建立鼻腔、鼻窦的良好通气和引流。