腮腺导管癌的临床病理特征分析--附1例报告及文献复习

目的:结合文献探讨腮腺导管癌的临床病理特征。方法:报道1例腮腺导管癌，就本病的临床生物学特征、病理、治疗及预后进行总结分析。结果:经手术及放疗后3个月复查，出现同侧颈部淋巴结转移。结论:腮腺导管癌是一类恶性度很高的恶性肿瘤，诊断主要依靠术后病理学及免疫组织化学检查，以局部广泛切除加颈廓清术为主，术后给予放疗。     

胆源性胰腺炎与胆道感染的关系

目的　研究胆石性胰腺炎病人胆道感染情况。方法　观察 4 9例病人临床、生化指标和胆汁细菌学检查。结果　年龄、血糖和ALT 3项指标在胆汁细菌培养阴性组和阳性组中结果明显不同 (P <0 .0 5 )。 2 2例阳性胆汁有 32种细菌 ,包括 1 2种革兰氏阳性细菌、1 8种革兰氏阴性细菌和 2种厌氧菌。最常见的微生物是埃希氏大肠杆菌 (2 5 % ) ,其次是肠球菌 (2 1 .9% )和链球菌 (1 2 .5 % )。结论　急性胆石性胰腺炎与胆汁感染有关 ,应该早期应用抗革兰氏阴性杆菌和革兰氏阳性球菌抗生素     

胆管癌微血管生成及其病理学特征与预后的关系

目的探讨胆管癌微血管生成及其病理学特征与预后的关系。方法应用免疫组化法检测50例胆管癌标本的微血管密度、血管内皮生长因子和血管内皮生长因子受体Flk-1／KDR的表达,结合临床病理学资料和随访资料进行分析。结果胆管癌组织和癌旁组织的微血管密度 (34．04±11．08、32．80±9．28)均高于正常组织(11．67±4．64)(P<0．01);血管内皮生长因子和 Flk-1／KDR在肿瘤组织和癌旁组织中的表达均高于正常组织(P<0．01);伴淋巴结转移组微血管密度 (41．07±11．83)高于无转移组(30．93±9．18)(P<0．05);伴神经浸润组微血管密度(37．85±12．04) 高于无浸润组(30．32±8．51)(P<0．05);微血管密度<30和30-39组的生存率高于≥40组(P< 0．05)。结论微血管生成与胆管癌的发生、发展和预后密切相关。     

经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石

目的探讨经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后肝内胆管复发结石的方法及疗效。方法20．0．0年1月～2005年2月，对8例胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管再发结石，采用经皮经空肠输胆襻造口术建立通道，胆道镜经胆肠吻合口进入肝内胆管取石，纠正吻合口和肝内胆管狭窄。结果8例肝内胆管结石均取净，4例胆管狭窄和2例吻合口狭窄解除。8例随访1～3年，肝内胆管无复发结石和再狭窄。结论经皮胆肠吻合口胆道镜治疗肝内胆管复发结石创伤小、安全、可行，效果满意。     

EFFECTIVENESS OF CYTODIAGNOSIS WITH PANCREATIC DUCT LAVAGE FLUID FOR PANCREATIC DUCTAL CARCINOMA: NEW SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Background: Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers. Because pancreatic carcinoma is still very difficult to diagnose in its early stage, many of these patients will be considered unsuitable for surgery. If a cytological diagnosis is obtained at initial endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), suitable treatment will be initiated without delay. Methods: To increase the number of exfoliated cells from the pancreatic duct, we devised a new technique, pancreatic duct lavage fluid (PDLF), following bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The present paper reports the effectiveness of cytological examination using PDLF in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. We examined 18 pancreatic carcinoma cases. After the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), PDLF was collected from a double‐lumen catheter inserted into the main pancreatic duct. Saline injected from the lumen for the injection, and PDLF was aspirated from the other lumen for the guidewire at the same time. The cytological examination was performed using PDLF. Results: Exfoliated cells were more frequently found in PDLF from all patients. In 15 cases (83%), cytological examination of PDLF revealed positive cytological results as the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Conclusion: Cytological examination using PDLF has a high sensitivity for detection of pancreatic carcinoma. The new examination, PDLF, is simple, safe and effective, so we expect PDLF to become widely popular.     

上胸椎前方手术入路的解剖及其临床意义

目的研究上胸椎与其毗邻组织结构的解剖关系,为探讨上胸椎前方手术入路提供参考.方法取20具经防腐处理的尸体标本,模拟上胸椎前路手术,部分劈开胸骨,并分别经不同的血管、神经间隙显露椎体,比较不同的血管、神经间隙入路的暴露范围及其优缺点.观察上胸椎毗邻的血管、神经等组织结构的走行及其与椎体的对应关系.结果头臂干外侧间隙入路（头臂干与右头臂静脉、左头臂静脉根部之间的间隙）95%可显露达T3椎体以下,而头臂干内侧间隙入路（气管食道鞘与头臂干、左头臂静脉之间的间隙）只有45%可显露达T3椎体以下.上腔静脉与升主动脉之间的间隙只能在直视下显露T4,并且视野狭小.右喉返神经在T1,2水平从迷走神经发出,绕过锁骨下动脉斜行走向内上,在T1椎体上缘水平附近走向气管食道沟.胸导管75%在T1椎体到T1-2椎间盘水平入左侧静脉角,约50%最高点达T1水平.左头臂静脉55%平T3椎体水平从上腔静脉发出.主动脉弓主干约80%在T3-4椎间盘水平横过椎体.结论头臂干外侧间隙入路操作简单、显露清楚,可以很容易地显露T3和T4椎体;头臂干外侧间隙与头臂干内侧间隙相比,可多显露0.5～1个椎体.但由于迷走神经穿过此间隙并在此发出心支,所以应注意保护迷走神经.在右侧施行T1,2水平手术时易损伤右喉返神经.在采用左侧入路时应注意胸导管的走行,避免损伤胸导管.     

Bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now become the preferred surgical approach to symptomatic cholelithiasis. With the widespread use of this technique there have appeared reports of complications. We report the case of a patient who developed a cystic duct stump bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Percutaneous drainage of the biloma, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and papillotomy led to resolution of the problem. The literature on cystic duct stump leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is reviewed and the various therapeutic modalities are outlined.     

PERCUTANEOUS LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: INDICATIONS,CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS

The indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy (PLC) were established from a group of 308 patients referred for cholecystectomy. Of the 308 patients 86% underwent PLC, 5% were commenced laparoscopically, but converted to open cholecystectomy and 9% were performed as open cholecystectomy from the outset. Complications included two bile leaks from the gall-bladder bed, one cystic duct stump leak and three retained stones. Pre-operative rather than intra-operative duct imaging was used so that common duct stones could be removed before operation. PLC is a safe procedure that has now become the standard technique for cholecystectomy.     

Respiratory symptoms associated with the use of azodicarbonamide foaming agent in a plastics injection molding facility

Respiratory health variables were studied cross-sectionally in 227 employees of a plastics molding facility where numerous complaints had been apparently associated with the use of azodicarbonamide foaming agent in injection molding. Pre- and postshift respiratory status measures and azodicarbonamide concentrations were also obtained for 17 employees. Cross-sectional pulmonary function differences by injection molding status were not observed. Modest decrements in pulmonary function measures were observed between start and end of shift but with no dose-effect relationship. A strong association was observed for injection molding workers for eye/nose/throat irritation, cough, and wheezing. Additionally, wheezing, chest tightness, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis were strongly associated with work in injection molding during periods in which azodicarbonamide was in use. These results suggest respiratory symptom causation by some combination of azodicarbonamide itself, reaction products of azodicarbonamide formed during injection molding, or other unidentified agents uniquely associated with the process of injection molding with azodicarbonamide foaming agent.     

内镜治疗老年总胆管结石30例体会

目的：探讨内窥镜治疗老年总胆管结石的安全性和有效性。方法：对我院普外科收治的30例70岁以上的老年总胆管结石患者进行回顾性分析，所有患者均经B超或螺旋CT明确诊断并接受内镜治疗，治疗方法包括逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)，鼻胆管引流（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)，乳头括肌切开（endoscopic shincterotomy,est)和取石术，碎石术，测定患者内镜治疗前后的生化指标变化。结果：30例老年总胆管结石患者行ERCP检查，成功率100％，28例行EST，总胆管结石直径＜1.0cm者成功率100％，结石直径1.0-1.5cm者成功率86％，结石直径≥1.5cm者需进行机械碎石取石，成功率75％；另有2例患者植入塑料支架作长期引流。1例患者发生与内镜有关的并发症，死亡例，30例患者治疗后各项生化指标较治疗前均有明显改善（P＜0．001）。结论：内镜治疗老年总胆管结石成功率增高，避免了手术创新，安全性好，缩短住院时间，是当前治疗老年总胆管结石的首选方法。