手术图谱在术前访视中的实施与效果评价

目的：探讨手术室护士术前访视时应用手术图谱对缓解手术患者焦虑的效果。方法：将39例需进行手术的癌症患者随机分为应用图谱组（19例）及常规访视组（20例）。应用图谱组患者在原有访视内容基础上由手术室护士携带手术图谱相册,向手术患者介绍手术室工作环境、手术注意事项、体位等情况时,根据相册中的相关内容给患者解释。常规访视组患者给予常规的术前访视内容。同时采用焦虑自评量表测量患者入院时、入手术室后焦虑值及患者的血压、心率、疼痛强度、首次下床时间、排气时间及拆线时间,并比较其差异。结果：入手术室后应用手术图谱组患者的焦虑值、收缩压和心率均低于常规访视组,差异有统计学意义（t=2.28,t=4.756,t=10.28;P〈0.05）;两组术后疼痛强度、首次下床时间、排气时间比较差异均有统计学意义（t=3.04,t=3.06,t=2.56;P〈0.01）。结论：应用手术图谱进行系统化、规范化术前访视是一项重要心理指导,可以降低手术患者的焦虑水平,有效提高围术期医疗质量。     

后路寰椎后弓螺钉内固定研究进展

寰椎后弓螺钉内固定技术的提出,为治疗枕颈部不稳提供了新的补救方法。许多文献报道了寰椎后弓螺钉固定的可行性,初步显示了其置钉点易暴露、出血少、手术时间短等优势,尤其在侧块被肿瘤、炎症、创伤等破坏无法使用寰枢关节螺钉、寰椎侧块螺钉、椎弓根螺钉时补救固定。但如果外科医生术中操作不当,则可引起医源性骨折、椎动脉及颈脊髓损伤等严重并发症。因此,寰椎后弓螺钉内固定技术的安全性和有效性成为当下研究的热点。     

Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps

Probabilistic maps of neocortical areas and subcortical fiber tracts, warped to a common reference brain, have been published using microscopic architectonic parcellations in ten human postmortem brains. The maps have been successfully applied as topographical references for the anatomical localization of activations observed in functional imaging studies. Here, for the first time, we present stereotaxic, probabilistic maps of the hippocampus, the amygdala and the entorhinal cortex and some of their subdivisions. Cytoarchitectonic mapping was performed in serial, cell-body stained histological sections. The positions and the extent of cytoarchitectonically defined structures were traced in digitized histological sections, 3-D reconstructed and warped to the reference space of the MNI single subject brain using both linear and non-linear elastic tools of alignment. The probability maps and volumes of all structures were calculated. The precise localization of the borders of the mapped regions cannot be predicted consistently by macroanatomical landmarks. Many borders, e.g. between the subiculum and entorhinal cortex, subiculum and Cornu ammonis, and amygdala and hippocampus, do not match sulcal landmarks such as the bottom of a sulcus. Only microscopic observation enables the precise localization of the borders of these brain regions. The superposition of the cytoarchitectonic maps in the common spatial reference system shows a considerably lower degree of intersubject variability in size and position of the allocortical structures and nuclei than the previously delineated neocortical areas. For the first time, the present observations provide cytoarchitectonically verified maps of the human amygdala, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which take into account the stereotaxic position of the brain structures as well as intersubject variability. We believe that these maps are efficient tools for the precise microstructural localization of fMRI, PET and anatomical MR data, both in healthy and pathologically altered brains.     

The atlas of surgical operations: Elliott Carr Cutler and Robert Zollinger

The author of Zollinger's Atlas of Surgical Operations describes the development of the Atlas of Surgical Operations over the course of seven editions and 64 years.     

寰椎的应用解剖学研究

目的：为临床、科研积累寰椎的解剖学资料和临床行椎弓切除减压术提供解剖学依据。方法：对103例寰椎干燥骨进行了解剖学观测。结果：椎动脉沟处形成沟环者占15．04％,椎动脉沟是寰椎的薄弱处;后弓：内侧半距(平均)：左：11．57mm,右:11．42mm,外侧半距(平均)：左：19．60mm,右:19．35mm.结论：(1)前路手术显露前弓范围在2l～28mm内,但不能切除前弓。(2)诊断“沟环症”和后弓切除术暴露范围要适当、慎重。切除后弓范围在10～llmm内,显露后弓范围存15～23mm内．     

环椎椎动脉沟桥与颈性眩晕关系的临床影像研究

目的探讨环椎椎动脉沟桥与颈性眩晕的关系,提高环椎椎动脉沟桥的认识。方法分析103例环椎椎动脉沟桥X线表现,11例结合脑血管多普勒检查,评价基底动脉供血情况。结果环椎椎动脉沟桥表现为全环型和半环型,后者又分为前半环型、后半环型和双半环型（中间骨性桥板缺如）,沟桥可一侧出现,也可双侧出现。全环型沟桥多呈椭圆型,沟桥桥板厚薄不一,密度也可不一致。11例主诉眩晕,照片仅见沟桥存在,而其他未见异常,头颈部前屈、后仰或旋转时,其眩晕症状加重。显示沟桥与眩晕存在密切的关系,沟桥的发生机制应包括环椎解剖变异和环枕韧带钙化或骨化两个方面。结论环椎椎动脉沟桥可以对椎动脉产生压迫,引起供血不足,产生眩晕,应重视环椎椎动脉沟桥的X线诊断。     

寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术的改进研究

目的 探讨寰椎椎弓根螺钉的置钉方法. 方法 以电子游标卡尺测量48具干燥寰椎标本的相关解剖学数据;并依据寰椎椎弓根的形态对寰椎进行分类,提出了针对不同类型寰椎的各种椎弓根螺钉置钉方法. 结果 钉道处椎动脉沟底骨质厚度小于螺钉直径3.5mm的占16.7%(8/48),其中4.2%(2/48)厚度小于螺钉半径1.75mm.将寰椎分为普遍型(占83%)、轻度变异型(占13%)和重度变异型(占4%). 结论 对于寰椎后弓高度偏小的患者,可以部分经寰椎后弓或跨越寰椎后弓实现寰椎的椎弓根螺钉固定,进钉位置的确定应以术前三维CT重建和术中探查结合考虑.     

A neurosurgical view of anatomical evaluation of anterior C1–C2 for safer transoral odontoidectomy

An anatomical study for evaluation of anterior C1–C2. To provide essential anatomic data for safer transoral odontoidectomy. The surface dimensions of the atlas vertebra and the transoral approach for odontoidectomy have been described in detail. Anterior arcus of C1 must be drilled out to reach odontoid process for transoral odontoidectomy. The thickness of anterior ring of C1 has not been studied before. Sixty, dried adult atlas and 60 axis vertebrae and ten cadaveric craniocervical specimens were measured for the following: (1) bony drilling depth (BDD), the distance from the anterior wall of anterior ring of C1 to anterior wall of odontoid; (2) minimum drilling diameter (MDD), distance of minimum C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection on horizontal plane; (3) maximum bony drilling diameter (MBDD), distance of maximum C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection on horizontal plane. Lateral border of this diameter is limited by medial borders of the lateral mass; (4) the widest odontoid diameters (WOD) on coronal sections were measured. On 60 atlas and axis vertebrae, the BDD was 7.0 ± 1.2 mm on dry bones, the distance between the medial borders of the lateral mass (MBDD) was 16.1 ± 1.5 mm, and the WOD on coronal sections (WOD) was 9.8 ± 0.8 mm. On cadavers, the distance between the two edges of C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection (MDD) was 10.8 ± 1.1 mm and the WOD on coronal sections (WOD) was 10.1 ± 1.4 mm. An odontoid surgery through transoral approach is safe and feasible. A quantitative understanding of the anterior anatomy of C-1 and C-2 is necessary when considering transoral odontoid resection. In this study the authors define safe zones for anterior atlas and axis.     

A 3D fiber model of the human brainstem

A new neuroanatomic approach to evaluate the fiber orientation in gross histological sections of the human brain was developed. Serial sections of a human brainstem were used to derive fiber orientation maps by analysis of polarized light sequences of these sections. Fiber inclination maps visualize angles of inclination, and fiber direction maps show angles of direction. These angles define vectors which can be visualized as RGB-colors. The serial sections were aligned to each other using the minimized Euclidian distance as fit criterion. In the 3D data set of the human brainstem the major fiber tracts were segmented, and three-dimensional models of these fiber tracts were generated. The presented results demonstrate that two kinds of fiber atlases are feasible: a fiber orientation atlas representing a vector in each voxel, which shows the nerve fiber orientation, and a volume-based atlas representing the major fiber tracts. These models can be used for the evaluation of diffusion tensor data as well as for neurosurgical planning.     

寰枢椎后路融合角度与下位颈椎曲度的相关性研究

目的 评价寰枢椎后路融合角度与术后下位颈椎矢状面曲度之间的联系并确定最佳的寰枢椎固定角度以保护颈椎生理曲度.方法 对1995年2月至2005年6月因寰枢椎脱位而行后路C1,C2融合术的92例患者进行术后随访.术前测量颈椎侧位片C1-C2,C2-C7夹角,并且进行术后长期随访,以观察术后随访C1-C2,C2-C7夹角之间的相关性. 结果所有患者均获得随访,时间2.0～10.3年,平均5.2年.术前及术后随访时C1-C2夹角平均值分别为18.4°±9.3°、26.0°±6.8°,差异有统计学意义(t=10.4,P<0.05);术前及术后随访时C2-C7夹角平均值分别为14.5°±10.1°、5.6°±12.0°,差异有统计学意义(t=6.0,P<0.05);其中术后随访C1-C2固定角度<20°(10°～20°)共计30例,≥20°(20.0°～43.6°)共计62例.C1-C2固定角度<20°者,术后随访C1-C2角度与C2-C7夹角之间无明确的相关性;C1-C2固定角度≥20°者,术后随访C1-C2角度与C2-C7夹角之间存在线性负相关;C1-C2术前、术后随访夹角的变化值与C2-C7术前、术后随访夹角的变化值之间也存在线性负相关. 结论寰枢关节行后路手术固定于高度前凸位时将导致术后下位颈椎的脊柱后凸,并且固定角度越大,下位颈椎的后凸程度就越大;为了保持下位颈椎的生理性曲度,手术中应尽量将C1-C2固定的角度控制在10°～20吨围内.