Profilaxis antibiótica «dirigida» por cultivos rectales antes de la biopsia prostática transrectal: reducción de complicaciones infecciosas y costes de atención sanitaria

Background

Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TUPB) is associated with infectious complications (ICs), which are related to a greater prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria (CRB) in rectal flora. We examined the ICs that occurred in 2 groups: A guided antibiotic prophylaxis (GP) group and an empiric prophylaxis (EP) group. We assessed the financial impact of GP.

超声引导连续锁骨下臂丛阻滞术后镇痛效果及对炎性反应的影响

目的比较超声引导下喙突旁入路连续锁骨下臂丛阻滞与舒芬太尼静脉镇痛对上肢多发骨折患者术后镇痛的效果及对炎性因子表达的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ分级上肢多发骨折患者80例,随机分为2组,治疗组(n=40)采用超声引导下喙突旁入路连续锁骨下臂丛阻滞作术后镇痛,对照组(n=40)采用舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛。记录麻醉前(T1)、术后6h(T2)、术后12h(T3)、术后24h(T4)、术后48h(T5)心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP);于T1~T5采集外周静脉血测定血浆白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的浓度;记录T2~T5的静息和主动运动视频模拟评分(VAS);记录术后发生恶心、呕吐的病例数。结果两组HR和MAP比较,在T3和T4时间点,对照组较治疗组升高(P0.05);治疗组T3、T4静息VAS评分和T3、T4、T5主动运动VAS评分均较对照组降低(均P0.05)。IL-6和IL-10组内比较,T2~T5时间点较T1均有不同程度升高(P0.05);两组IL-6比较,在T3、T4时间点治疗组较对照组低(P0.05);两组IL-10比较,在T3、T4时间点治疗组较对照组高(P0.05)。治疗组发生恶心、呕吐率较对照组低(P0.05)。结论超声引导连续锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞术后镇痛安全、可靠、简便,有利于术后细胞因子平衡和减少并发症。     

三种经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管置管方法临床应用效果的比较

目的探讨三种经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(periperally inserted central catheter,PICC)置管方法的临床应用效果。方法便利抽样法选择2014年1月至2016年7月盐城市第一人民医院肿瘤科收治的需要PICC置管的90例患者为研究对象,按入院先后将其分为传统的PICC置管组、改良塞丁格技术的盲穿组、血管超声引导下结合改良塞丁格技术组,每组各30例,分析并比较三组患者一次性置管成功率、置管期间的穿刺点局部渗血、静脉炎、静脉血栓的发生率,置管使用的时间等。结果血管超声引导下的结合改良塞丁格技术的PICC置管的一次性置管成功率、穿刺点局部渗血、静脉炎、静脉血栓的发生率及置管时间等均优于传统的PICC置管组和改良的塞丁格技术盲穿组(均P0.05)。结论血管超声引导下的结合改良塞丁格技术的PICC置管极大地提高了一次性穿刺的成功率、减少了局部组织损伤和出血等并发症的发生、在预防机械性静脉炎和静脉血栓方面有着显著的效果,缩短了置管使用的时间,有利于提高患者的满意度,是临床上目前值得推广应用的一种PICC置管方法。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对颈部淋巴结肿大鉴别诊断的价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒血流显像对颈部淋巴结肿大鉴别诊断的价值。方法:对92例颈部肿大淋巴结的声像图特点与病理诊断结果进行回顾性对照分析。结果:92例中非特异性反应性淋巴结肿大(CLPN)46例(30个淋巴结),恶性淋巴瘤(PLPN)11例(42个淋巴结),肿瘤转移性淋巴结肿大(MLPN)17例(40个淋巴结),结核性淋巴结肿大(TLPN)18例(14个淋巴结)。不同病因所致的颈部淋巴结肿大有其超声特征。彩色多普勒超声诊断与病理诊断的符合率为88.1%。结论:彩色多普勒血流显像对颈部淋巴结肿大的鉴别诊断有重要的临床价值,可作为鉴别诊断的首选方法。     

超声引导下麦默通旋切系统在不可触及乳腺病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下麦默通旋切系统在不可触及乳腺病变的诊断价值。方法对121例患者共189个临床触诊阴性而超声显示的乳腺病灶行麦默通旋切手术,其中单发肿块53例,多发肿块68例,手术标本行术中冰冻切片。结果121例患者中恶性病变4例,改行保乳手术或改良根治术,其余为良性病变。术后复查有1例病灶残留,皮肤淤血5例,局部血肿7例。结论超声引导下麦默通旋切术是诊断不可触及乳腺病变的高效、安全方法,具有定位准确、无疤痕等优点,并且在诊断的同时可完全切除病灶。     

经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术的应用进展

经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)是用于诊断纵隔淋巴结等病变的最新微创检查方法。利用电子支气管超声内镜头端固化搭载的超声探头可实现在超声图像实时监视下的穿刺活检,大大提高了经支气管针吸活检术的准确性和安全性。现主要介绍EBUS-TBNA的技术方法、适应证、禁忌证、敏感性、特异性、准确性以及并发症和处理方法。     

Imaging-Guided Treatment of Meniscal Cysts

Meniscal and parameniscal pathology is usually diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. The availability of high-frequency high-resolution linear transducers for sonographic detection of peripheral meniscal and parameniscal pathology has made not only the diagnosis but also the treatment of symptomatic parameniscal cysts a more accessible option. This case report illustrates the use of sonographically guided meniscal cyst aspiration and injection as an alternative to surgical treatment in the proper clinical scenario.     

Evaluation of clinical relevance of examining K-ras, p16 and p53 mutations along with allelic losses at 9p and 18q in EUS-guided fine needle aspiration samples of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

AIM： To establish an optimum combination of molecular markers resulting in best overall diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for evaluation of suspicious pancreatic mass.
METHODS： Endoscopic ultrasound （EUS）-guided fine needle aspiration cytology （FNA） was performed on 101 consecutive patients （63 males, 38 females, 60 ± 12 years; 81 with subsequently diagnosed pancreatic cancer, 20 with chronic pancreatitis） with focal pancreatic mass. Samples were evaluated on-site by an experienced cytopathologist. DNA was extracted from Giemsa stained cells selected by laser microdissection and the presence of K-ras, p53 and p16 somatic mutations was tested by cycling-gradient capillary electrophoresis （CGCE） and single-strand conformation polymorphism （SSCP） techniques. In addition, allelic losses of tumor suppressor genes p16 （INK4, CDKN2A） and DPC4 （MADH4, SMAD4） were detected by monitoring the loss of heterozygosity （LOH） at 9p and 18q, respectively.
RESULTS： Sensitivity and specificity of EUS-guided FNA were 75% and 85%, positive and negative predictive value reached 100%. The remaining 26% samples were assigned as inconclusive. Testing of molecular markers revealed sensitivity and specificity of 70% and 100% for K-ras mutations （P 〈 0.001）, 24% and 90% for p53 mutations （NS）, 13% and 100% for p16 mutations （NS）, 85% and 64% for aUelic losses at 9p （P 〈 0.001） and 78% and 57% for allelic losses at 18q （P 〈 0.05）. When tests for different molecular markers were combined, the best results were obtained with K-ras ＋ LOH at 9p （92% and 64%, P 〈 0.001）, K-ras ＋ LOH at 18q （92% and 57%, P 〈 0.001）, and K-ras ＋ LOH 9q ＋ LOH 18q （96% and 43%, P 〈 0.001）. When the molecular markers were used as complements to FNA cytology to evaluate inconclusive samples only, the overall sensitivity of cancer detection was 100% in all patients enrolled in the study.
CONCLUSION： EUS-guided FNA cytology combined with screening of K-ras mutations an