Bronchial foreign body: should bronchoscopy be performed in all patients with a choking crisis?

The aspiration of a bronchial foreign body (FB) remains a common pediatric problem with serious and sometimes fatal sequelae. The diagnosis is often delayed or overlooked. With the aim of determining a reliable clinical and/or radiologic finding to indicate the requirement for bronchoscopy, 100 patients admitted to our hospital because of FB aspiration who underwent rigid bronchoscopy were retrospectively studied. The clinical and radiologic data were compared with the bronchoscopy findings, which revealed that the history of a choking crisis was the clinical parameter that showed the highest sensitivity (97%) with high specificity (63%), and that other symptoms and radiology, even those with high sensitivity (88% and 85%, respectively), had low specificity (9%). We conclude that bronchoscopy should be performed in all patients with a history of a choking crisis even if they have normal radiologic findings and few symptoms.     

参龙降压灵对自发性高血压大鼠血压及血浆ET、CGRP含量的影响

目的与方法本实验观察了中药制剂参龙降压灵对自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）血压、血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）及降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）含量及心室结构的影响,并与尼群地平（ｎｉｆｅｄｉｐｉｎ）及牛黄降压丸作对比。结果各给药组给药１－８周后血压均比ＳＨＲ对照组明显降低（Ｐ＜０.０５－０.０１）,给药６周后参龙降压灵大剂量组血压下降幅度最大,效果优于小剂量组及其他两给药组（Ｐ＜０．０５－０．０１）。各给药组心室结构各参数多有降低,虽无统计学意义（可能例数较少）,但已显示出心室肥厚逆转的趋势。各给药组ＳＨＲ血浆ＥＴ含量均有明显降低,ＣＧＲＰ含量升高（Ｐ＜０.０５－０.０１）,而大剂量参龙降压灵作用更显著,与Ｗｉｓｔａｒ正常组大鼠含量接近。结论参龙降压灵降低ＳＨＲ血压作用确实,有逆转心室肥厚趋势及调节血浆ＥＴ和ＣＧＲＰ含量的作用,且有一定的量效关系。     

老年糖尿病人群低血糖风险和抗高血压药物应用的队列研究

目的 了解抗高血压药物应用与服用抗糖尿病(DM)药物治疗的老年DM人群低血糖风险的方法。方法 根据老年DM人群药物使用调查问卷，从我们建立的上海市社区老年DM人群用药监测系统中选取2001年6月至2002年6月服用抗DM药物的老年DM合并高血压者进行回顾性队列研究；以经过医院明确诊断的低血糖事件为观察终点；抗高血压药物相关的低血糖风险用经过校正的相对危险度(RR)表示；采用多个协变量的Poisson回归模型，在控制可能的混杂因素作用的基础上，对RR值进行估计。结果 观察期1a内确诊发生低血糖34例，同时服用抗高血压药物者低血糖发生率(2．76％)高于未服用抗高血压药物者(1．51％)，但经可能的混杂因素校正后，两者差异无显著性[RR=1．98，95％可信区间(CI)0．59～ 6．59]；复方降压片与其他抗高血压药物联合应用可显著增加同时服用磺酰脲类抗DM药物的老年患者低血糖的危险性(RR=6．87；95％ CI，1．01～47．21)；钙拮抗剂、利尿剂、选择性β受体阻滞剂、ACE抑制剂并不增加老年DM患者低血糖风险(P＞0．05)；但其中ACE抑制剂单一用药在抗高血压药物中低血糖发生率最高(4．91％)，对老年DM患者应慎用。结论在老年DM合并高血压的人群中，传统制剂复方降压片可以增加服用磺酰脲降糖药的老年患者的低血糖风险；对于老年DM患者抗高血压药物的选择极为重要，除考虑降压药物本身的疗效外，还应注意降压药对老年DM代谢控制的影响。     

白川降压胶囊的慢性降压作用

目的研究白川降压胶囊(BC)对清醒大鼠的慢性降压作用。方法清醒大鼠尾动脉无创血压测定法。结果BC0.6,0.3,0.15gkg3个剂量组药后收缩压和舒张压均明显降低,药后血压呈锯齿状缓慢下降,从给药d5或d7开始与对照组比较有显著性意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),以后逐渐稳定。BC的降压作用有剂量依赖关系,降压作用强度不大于硝苯地平,但降压作用比硝苯地平稳,表现为BC在1d内的降压波动比硝苯地平小。结论BC能平稳降低自发性高血压大鼠血压。     

血压平逆转2K1C肾性高血压大鼠左室重构的作用及其机理的研究

目的:研究血压平逆转二肾一夹肾性高血压大鼠左室重构的作用及其机理。方法:建立2K1C肾性高血压大鼠(RHR)模型,术后8周40只RHR随机分为5组,每组8只,分为:血压平大、中、小剂量组(73、36.5、18.25g·kg-1·d-1);依那普利组(10g·kg-1·d-1);模型组,另取8只大鼠作为假手术对照组。模型组和假手术组灌服等容量水,疗程8周。手术前及术后每周测血压1次,给药第8周末,各组测量大鼠体重(BW),眼眶放血2ml,断头处死大鼠,迅速取出心脏,去除心房、右室游离壁,左室及室间隔称重(LVW),计算LVW/BW之比。采用放免法检测血清PCⅢ,心肌组织石蜡切片HE染色及SP免疫组化染色高清晰度图像分析系统测量心肌细胞形态参数及原癌基因cmyc和cfos表达阳性细胞的平均光密度值。结果:血压平降低血压,降低左室重量(LVW)、左室重量指数(LVW/BW)、心肌细胞体积及血清PCⅢ含量,抑制原癌基因cmyc和cfos的表达,血压平大、中剂量组LVW、LVW/BW及血清PCⅢ含量明显低于模型组(P<0.01),图像分析心肌细胞形态参数(面积、周长、平均直径、长径及短径)及cmyc、cfos表达阳性的心肌细胞平均光密度值明显低于模型组(P<0.01),与假手术组接近(P>0.05)。结论:复方中药血压平具有逆转2K1C肾性高血压大鼠左室重构的作用,其降低血压和血清PCⅢ含量、抑制Ⅲ型胶原合成、防治心肌纤维化及降低原癌基因cmyc和cfos的表达、抑制心肌细胞肥大、减轻左心室肥厚是其逆转二肾一夹肾性高血压大鼠左室重构的部分机制。     

综合医院应对危机和突发公共卫生事件的探讨

各种各样的灾难对人类造成的危害与日俱增,综合医院如何应对危机和突发公共卫生事件是一个新的课题.就危机和突发公共卫生事件发生医院可能遇到的问题,如何增强危机意识,构建现代危机和突发公共卫生事件管理体系,努力培养医学救治队伍等问题进行了探讨.     

公共卫生危机管理探讨

本文以社会学、心理学的相关原理为理论基点 ,论述了危机、卫生危机及公共卫生危机的概念、因素和影响 ,探讨了政府在公共卫生危机管理中应对策略 ,以资政府相关组织借鉴。     

Changes in the Household Calorie Supply during the 1994 Economic Crisis in Mexico and Its Implications on the Obesity Epidemic

To characterize the effects of the 1994 economic crisis on calorie sources of Mexican households, five nutrition surveys done every leap year (1992–2000) in national representative samples (> 10,000 households) were analyzed. Each household was visited during 7 days to collect data on foods purchased, exchanged or home-grown and their monetary value. We selected 88 food items to calculate kilocalories/ person/day and cost in pesos/megacalorie (CPMC) for rural-urban strata (localities <2500, ≥2500). The food items were classified in 8 groups and the summation of kilocalories and CPMCs of items in each group were our units of analysis. Linear regressions for 1992–2000 were performed, and slopes and intercepts were used to characterize changes. Available calories showed very little change at the height of the economic crisis. Expensive calories (meat in ur-bans, eggs and milk in rurals, and industrialized meat and soft drinks in both) tended to increase, whereas the most inexpensive staples (cereals, legumes, sugars) decreased their share in both strata. An increase in obesigenic calories was seen, notably in soft drinks, despite a cost increase second only to meat. Main conclusions were: (1) the economic crisis did not affect total calories availability in Mexican households; (2) the 1992–2000 trends in calorie sources were contrary to any crisis effect in rurals and urbans (i.e., expensive foods increased and inexpensive staples decreased); (3) there were sizable rural-urban differences in number, source, and cost of calories; and (4) obesigenic calories increased and soft drinks emerged as a food with its own dynamic.     

高血压大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后X线修复交叉互补组1蛋白表达及DNA片段化损伤

目的　观察肾性高血压大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后DNA修复蛋白X线修复交叉互补组 1(XRCC1)蛋白的表达及与DNA片段化损伤的关系。方法　采用双肾双夹法建立肾性高血压大鼠模型 ,在此基础上采用线栓法制作大脑中动脉闭塞模型 ,采用免疫组织化学方法观察假手术组和缺血再灌注后 3h、6h、12h、2 4hXRCC1蛋白表达 ,采用TUNEL方法检测DNA片段化损伤。结果　免疫组织化学染色显示 ,假手术组大脑皮质和海马区出现大量XRCC1表达的阳性细胞 ,再灌注 3h缺血区皮质和海马CA1区XRCC1表达阳性细胞减少 ,即缺血区皮质和海马CA1区XRCC1灰度值升高 ,并一直持续到缺血再灌注 2 4h。缺血再灌注后 3h、6h、12h和 2 4h与假手术组相比差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。TUNEL染色显示 ,假手术组大脑皮质和海马CA1区未见阳性细胞 ,再灌注 2 4h缺血区皮质和海马CA1区可见较多阳性细胞。结论　脑缺血再灌注后XRCC1蛋白免疫活性下降和DNA修复机制的失败与DNA的片段化损伤及凋亡的发生有关。     

孕妇血钙水平对妊娠结局的影响

目的 分析孕妇血钙水平变化与妊娠结局的关系。方法 测定708例孕妇不同孕期的血清钙，并随访至分娩。结果 孕早期母体血钙水平即有下降，并保持低水平至分娩；低血钙导致妊高征发生率、产后出血率及出血量均明显增高（P〈0．01）。结论 为提高围产期安全，孕期妇女应在医生指导下科学补钙。