Effect of fentanyl on the circulatory responses to orotracheal fibreoptic intubation

The effectiveness of fentanyl in attenuating the pressor and heart rate response to orotracheal fibreoptic intubation under general anaesthesia was assessed in 60 healthy patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either fibreoptic intubation with or without fentanyl 6 micrograms.kg-1 or traditional Macintosh intubation with fentanyl 6 micrograms.kg-1. A standardised general anaesthetic was administered which included temazepam premedication, thiopentone, atracurium, oxygen, nitrous oxide and isoflurane. The pressor response to fibreoptic intubation was suppressed in those patients who received fentanyl and was similar to that seen in the Macintosh-fentanyl group of patients. The heart rate response to fibreoptic intubation was also significantly reduced in the patients who received fentanyl, but, in contrast, was still significantly greater than that in the Macintosh-fentanyl group. Fentanyl 6 micrograms.kg-1 appears to have a useful place in attenuating the cardiovascular effects of fibreoptic intubation under general anaesthesia.     

综合医院心理咨询门诊儿童咨客分析

目的；了解综合医院心理咨询门诊儿童咨客的特点。方法：总结中山大学附属三院心理咨询门诊近3年儿童咨客的资料。结果：咨客男女比例为1．96：1，咨客人数随着年龄的增长而增加，女童中13－16岁的比例男童大，5－8岁和9－12岁的比例较男童小。广州市内外的咨客比例为1．38：1，不同年龄儿童咨客的居住地构成是有差异的。最常见的病种是精神分裂症，神经症、精神发育迟滞，儿童多动症，单纯咨询和品行障碍，不同年龄，不同性别的儿童咨客的疾病构成是有差异的。结论：综合医院心理咨询门诊与儿童心理咨询门诊的儿童咨客是有差异的。     

2-chloroprocaine antagonism of epidural morphine analgesia

Background: 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) used for lumbar epidural anesthesia (LEA) reportedly decreases the efficacy of epidural morphine (EM) administered for post-cesarean section (CS) analgesia. The amount of supplemental i.v. morphine self-administered by the patient via the patient-controlled analgesia device (PCA) is used to study the interaction between EM and 2-CP.
Methods: Forty-two patients scheduled for elective CS were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, and received 2-CP, 2-CP+epinephrine (Epi, 5 μg ml^-1) or 2% lidocaine (Lido) with Epi for LEA. All patients received 5 mg EM and i.v. PCA morphine for postoperative pain. Cumulative amount of i.v. morphine used in the first 24 hours as well as the amount of the drug used during each 2-h period were noted. Nonparametric analysis of variance and Chi-squared analysis were used for statistical comparisons.
Results: The mean cumulative 24-h i.v. PCA morphine requirement in the 2-CP, 2-CP+Epi and Lido+Epi groups respectively was 20.5±24, 33.1.5±27 and 4.07±6.3 (mean±SD). The Lido+Epi group used significantly less morphine ( P = 0.01) compared to either of the 2-CP groups with no significant difference between the 2-CP groups. The maximum i.v. PCA morphine use occurred in the first 4 hours following surgery in all three groups.
Conclusion: Analgesic efficacy of EM is decreased when 2-CP is used for LEA compared to when Lido+Epi is used.     

A Comparative Study of the Percutaneous versus Intraoral Technique for Mental Nerve Block

Objective: Mental nerve block is frequently used to aid repair of facial lacerations; both percutaneous and intraoral approaches to blocking this nerve are used, but have never been compared. The authors compared the two techniques for pain of administration and effectiveness of anesthesia. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study was conducted using ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 33 years. Patients having prior experience with mental nerve blocks, lidocaine allergy, active oral/facial infection, or previous facial fractures were excluded. Bilateral mental nerve blocks were done using intraoral technique on one side and percutaneous technique on the other. Both techniques were used by the same investigator and were carried out with 27-gauge needles and 2.5 mL of 2% buffered lidocaine at room temperature injected over 20 seconds. The oral mucosa was topically anesthetized with viscous lidocaine for 1 minute prior to intraoral injection. The orders of the blocks and sides of the face anesthetized were randomized. Subjective and objective pain (visual-analog scale), efficacy (anesthesia of lower lip), time to onset, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated. Results: The intraoral technique was subjectively less painful than the percutaneous approach in nine of ten subjects (p = 0.02). Scores on the visual-analog pain scale were significantly lower for the intraoral technique (p = 0.03). Intraoral injection produced lower-lip anesthesia in 10/10 subjects versus 7/10 for percutaneous (p = 0.25). Times to onset (approximately 1–2 minutes) and durations of anesthesia (approximately one hour) were similar for the two techniques. Conclusion: The intraoral approach to the mental nerve block with adjunctive topical anesthesia was subjectively and objectively less painful than the percutaneous approach without adjunctive anesthesia. While the intraoral approach had a greater efficacy of lower-lip anesthesia and a longer duration of action, these differences were not statistically significant.     

1977～1990年同济医科大学新生视力状况分析

用统计学方法对14年来（1977～1990年）我校6746名新生（13492只眼）的视力状况进行分析。结果表明；新生正常视力逐年减少，视力不良率相应上升（P＜0.001）。城市学生的视力比农村学生差，男生的视力优于女生（P＜0.001）。17～19岁组的视力明显低于其他年龄组（P＜0.001）。高考分数线升高与正常视力者减少呈明显负相关；而与视力不良者增加呈正相关（P＜0.001,＜0.05）。本文认为近距离用眼持续时间过长及环境视域小等是引起视力不良的主要原因。     

Clinical experience with minimal flow xenon anesthesia

Xenon is a more potent anesthetic than nitrous oxide, and gives more profound analgesia. This investigation was performed to assess the potential of xenon for becoming an anesthetic inspite of its high manufacturing cost. Seven ASA I—-II patients undergoing cholecystectomy (n = 4), hernia repair (n = 2), or mammoplasty (n=l) were studied. Denitrogenation by 15–20 min of oxygen breathing under propofol anesthesia was followed by fentanyl–supplemented xenon anesthesia administered via an automatic minimal flow system which held the oxygen concentration at 30%. Xenon anesthesia lasted 76–228 min and 8–14 1 of xenon (ATPD) was used, of which 5.6–8.1 1 was expended during the first 15 min. Anesthesia appeared to be satisfactory, and the patients woke up rapidly after xenon was discontinued. The automatic system made minimal flow xenon anesthesia easy to administer, but nitrogen accumulation is still a problem. Assuming a xenon price of 10 US $ per litre, the average cost for xenon was about 65 US $ for the first 15 min and then about 25 USS for each subsequent hour of anesthesia.     

利多卡因混合不同剂量肾上腺素局部浸润麻醉对全麻下鼻内窥镜手术患者血液动力学的影响

目的 观察利多卡因混合不同剂量肾上腺素局部浸润麻醉对全麻下鼻内窥镜手术患者血液动力学的影响。方法 69例拟在全身麻醉下行鼻内窥镜手术的患者随机分为3组（n=23），采用含不同剂量肾上腺素的1％利多卡因进行鼻粘膜下多点浸润注射。Ⅰ组：含1：20万肾上腺素的1％利多卡因4ml（20μg）；11组：含1：10万肾上腺素的1％利多卡因4ml（40μg）；Ⅲ组：1％利多卡因4ml（不含肾上腺素）。采用阻抗心动图（ICG）测量并记录浸润麻醉开始前（基础值）、浸润麻醉开始后0．75、1．5、2．25、3、3．75、4．5、5．25、6min平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、心脏排血指数（CI）、外周血管阻力指数（SVRI）和加速度指数（ACI），同时评价术中出血状况。结果与基础值比较，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在浸润麻醉开始后1．5min时MAP下降，HR增快（P〈0．01）；从浸润麻醉开始后1．5minSVRI下降，CI、ACI上升，到浸润麻醉开始后6min时仍未恢复（P〈0．05或0．01）。与Ⅱ组比较，Ⅰ组在浸润麻醉开始后2．25、3、3．75minMAP下降，从2．25min起CI下降（P〈0．01或〈0．05）。与Ⅲ组比较，Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组出血较少（P〈0．01）；Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组之间差异无统计学意义。结论 全身麻醉下鼻内窥镜手术中局部浸润麻醉时，局麻药中肾上腺素的吸收会引起明显的血液动力学变化，推荐在鼻内窥镜手术中使用含有5μg/ml肾上腺素的利多卡因。     

静注加肌注曲马多防治硬膜外麻醉期间寒战反应的研究

目的　观察曲马多防治硬膜外麻醉期间寒战反应时两种用药方法的临床效果。　方法硬膜外麻醉手术期间发生寒战的 6 0例成年患者 ,当出现寒战分级达 2～ 3级时 ,用室温下盐酸曲马多 1mg kg加氟哌啶 2 .5mg缓慢静脉推注 ,随机分成二组 :研究组 (R组 )与对照组 (C组 ) ,每组各 30例 ;R组在 5min内用上述同样药物和剂量予以肌内注射 ,C组以生理盐水 2ml肌内注射。观察寒战的治疗效果及 6h内寒战复发率。　结果　两组均于静注曲马多后 3min内起效 ,所有病人寒战反应均得到缓解 ,6h内R组均无寒战反应复发 ,C组有 5例再次出现寒战达 2级以上 ,给予追加首次量的 1 2后缓解 ,两组间差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　静注加肌注曲马多和氟哌啶可更有效地防治硬膜外麻醉期间的寒战反应。     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉患者林格氏溶液的容量动力学

目的 通过确定全麻复合硬膜外时麻醉林格氏溶液的容量动力学模型参数，评价硬膜外复合全麻对晶体液扩容效应的影响。方法择期行肝癌切除术患者20例，随机分为2组：组Ⅰ麻醉诱导前行扩容治疗，组Ⅱ硬膜外复合全麻诱导后行扩容治疗。扩容采用30ml／kg乳酸钠林格氏溶液（LR）恒速输注，30min内输完，输注LR开始后90min内每5min测定血红蛋白（Hb）及红细胞压积（Hct），并记录总尿量及血液动力学数据。用容量动力学数学模型和物质守恒定律处理数据，获得结果。结果 组Ⅱ容量增加量、容量扩张效率、输注结束时液体保留率均高于组Ⅰ（P〈0．05）。一级容量动力学分析结果：组Ⅰ目标容积（V）和清除率（k1）均大于组Ⅱ（P〈0．05）。二级容量动力学分析结果：组Ⅱ的V1、k1、k1均高于组Ⅱ（P〈0．05）。扩容后组Ⅱ的平均动脉压、中心静脉压、心输出量均小于组Ⅰ（P〈0．05）。结论 全麻复合硬膜外麻醉可提高晶体液的容量扩张效率。     

术中输注氨基酸对硬膜外阻滞复合全麻开胸手术患者围术期体温的影响

目的评价术中输注氨基酸对硬膜外阻滞复合全麻食管癌和贲门癌手术患者围术期深部体温和代谢的影响。方法择期食管癌和贲门癌手术患者21例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(n =7):从麻醉诱导开始至手术结束,分别静脉输注氨基酸混合液240kJ·h-1(AA组)、等容量乳酸钠林格氏液(LR组)、葡萄糖溶液240kJ·h-1(GLU组)。麻醉诱导前至术后2h每5分钟测定鼓膜温度,于麻醉诱导前即刻、手术开始后1h和术后1h检测指尖血糖,采用4分表法评价术后2h内寒战的发生情况,采用间接测热仪测定术前与术后氧耗。结果与麻醉诱导前即刻比较,术后30min LR组和GLU组氧耗降低,AA组氧耗升高(P<0.01),术后2h LR组、GLU组鼓膜温度降低(P<0.05),AA组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与LR组和GLU组比较,AA组术后2h内寒战发生例数减少(P< 0.05),术后30min氧耗增多(P<0.05),LR组与GLU组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论硬膜外阻滞复合全麻开胸手术患者术中静脉输注氨基酸可通过提高基础代谢率,缓解围术期深部体温降低,减少术后寒战发生,而输注葡萄糖不产生此效应。