污水等环境中O157大肠杆菌的研究

「目的」了解生活及养殖污水等环境中是否存在Ｏ１５７大肠杆菌。「方法」选市区、郊区饲养场、屠宰场、农贸市场、医院和居民生活污水等作为调查对象,按季节定时定点采集污水、禽畜粪便和市场丰板等标本进行Ｏ１５７大肠杆菌分离培养、鉴定。「结果」从养猪场、屠宰场、市场污水和生活污水以及猪粪、鸡粪、猪肉砧板中检出２类Ｏ１５７大肠杆菌（Ｏ１５７：Ｈ７和Ｏ１５７：ＮＭ）。并发现夏秋季污水等环境中Ｏ１５７大肠苗菌检出率     

From Mum to Bum: An Observational Study Protocol to Follow Digestion of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins from Mother to Preterm Infant

The nutritional requirements of preterm infants are challenging to meet in neonatal care, yet crucial for their growth, development and health. Aberrant maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and the microbiota could affect the digestion of human milk and its nutritional value considerably. Therefore, the main objective of the proposed research is to investigate how the intestinal microbiota of preterm and full-term infants differ in their ability to extract energy and nutrients from oligosaccharides and glycoproteins in human milk. This pilot study will be an observational, single-center study performed at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Isala Women and Children’s Hospital (Zwolle, The Netherlands). A cohort of thirty mother–infant pairs (preterm ≤30 weeks of gestation, n = 15; full-term 37–42 weeks of gestation, n = 15) will be followed during the first six postnatal weeks with follow-up at three- and six-months postnatal age. We will collect human milk of all mothers, gastric aspirates of preterm infants and fecal samples of all infants. A combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, proteomics, peptidomics, carbohydrate analysis and calorimetric measurements will be performed. The role of the microbiota in infant growth and development is often overlooked yet offers opportunities to advance neonatal care. The ‘From Mum to Bum’ study is the first study in which the effect of a preterm gut microbiota composition on its metabolic capacity and subsequent infant growth and development is investigated. By collecting human milk of all mothers, gastric aspirates of preterm infants and fecal samples of all infants at each timepoint, we can follow digestion of human milk from the breast of the mother throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, or ‘From Mum to Bum’.     

家蝇幼虫营养价值及抗病毒活性的初步研究

目的：为在贵阳地区建立畜禽粪便养殖家蝇生产蝇蛆动物蛋白提供实验室数据，并观察用蝇蛆代替鱼粉饲养蛋鸡的效果及经济效益，确定家蝇组织匀浆液的抗病毒活性。方法：（1）在相同的实验室饲养环境下，观察人工饲料、猪粪饲养的家蝇幼虫体内脂肪酸及微量元素含量的区别；（2）用蝇蛆粉或鲜蝇代替鱼粉饲养蛋鸡，观察对蛋质的影响；（3）用鸡胚法检测蝇蛆组织匀浆液的抗病毒活性。结果：用猪粪饲养的蝇蛆体内所含的微量元素（Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、Se)高于用人工饲料饲养的蝇蛆（P＜0．05）；用蝇蛆粉或鲜蝇代替鱼粉饲养蛋鸡，蛋内的脂肪酸及微量元素含量无明显改变（P＞0．05）；蝇蛆组织匀浆液中有抗病毒活性物质存在，性质尚待进一步确定。结论：用猪粪饲养家蝇不仅可以生产出优质的蝇蛆蛋白，还可以节约开支，净化环境及生产大量的优质生物肥；用蝇蛆代替鱼粉饲养蛋鸡不会影响鸡蛋的质量，蝇蛆生产周期短、经济、简单易行；蝇蛆组织匀浆液中存在抗病毒的活性物质，为抗病毒药物的寻找开辟了新的路径。     

The Establishment of Some Microflora Associated Biochemical Characteristics in Feces from Children during the First Years of Life

ABSTRACT. This report presents a new approach to the study of the colonization of the digestive tract after birth. We have examined the development of four microflora associated characteristics, MACs, defined as the recording of any anatomical structure, biochemical or physiological function in the macroorganism, which has been influenced by the microflora. These MACs may create a basis for later investigations into the impact of diarrheal diseases and antibiotic therapy. The following biochemical characteristics were studied in feces from children of 0-61 months of age: conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol and bilirubin to urobilins, inactivation of trypsin and degradation of mucin. These results indicate establishment of microbes capable of converting bilirubin to urobilins within the second year of life. The mucin degrading and cholesterol converting microbes are established in most of the children during the same period. Tryptic activity was found to be absent in meconium, present in feces from all children up to 21 months of age, and absent in 6 out of 15 children in the age group 46-61 months. The study indicates that the establishment of the MACs in the digestive tract is a remarkably long drawn out process     

In Vitro Degradation of Oxalic Acid by Human Feces

Background: Oxalic acid-degrading bacteria have been isolated from human feces. Therefore, the possibility exists that oxalic acid in food is degraded in human intestine by such bacteria, and absorption and excretion of oxalic acid is reduced. It may be possible that patients who form idiopathic stones have fewer oxalic acid-degrading bacteria than healthy controls. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility that oxalic acid in food is degraded in the human intestine. Methods: Nineteen patients with calcium stones and 13 healthy subjects were included in the study. Samples of feces were diluted with Barber medium containing 1 g/L of oxalic acid dihydrate, and 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% suspensions were prepared. These solutions were incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for seven days. The degradation of oxalic acid was estimated by the decrease of oxalic acid in the medium.
Results: The feces of almost all persons with or without calculi degraded oxalic acid to some degree. Incomplete or no oxalic acid degradation was found in 15 of the 19 stone-forming patients and in five of the 1 3 stone-free controls.
Conclusion: Large numbers of oxalic acid-degrading bacteria were observed less often in the feces of stone-formers than in the feces of stone-free controls.     

戊型肝炎病人及实验感染猴粪便中戊型肝炎病毒基因的检出

采用反转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）结合ＤＮＡ杂交技术，直接检测急性戊型肝炎病人和实验感染猴粪便标中的戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）基因，将从粪便标本中提取的ＲＮＡ反转录合成ｃＤＮＡ后，用ＨＥＶ特异引物进行套式ＰＣＲ扩增，并用长臂光敏生物素村记的ＨＥＶＥＴ１．１核酸探针进行杂交，结果显示，直接从６份病人１０％粪悬液标本中提取的ＲＮＡ进行ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ，在琼脂糖凝胶电泳上未见任何信号带，点杂交也未见阳性，但     

New Parvovirus in Child with Unexplained Diarrhea,Tunisia

A divergent parvovirus genome was the only eukaryotic viral sequence detected in feces of a Tunisian child with unexplained diarrhea. Tusavirus 1 shared 44% and 39% identity with the nonstructural protein 1 and viral protein 1, respectively, of the closest genome, Kilham rat parvovirus, indicating presence of a new human viral species in the Protoparvovirus genus.     

miRNA检测在结直肠癌诊断及中医药研究中的应用

miRNA基因作为调控基因,参与了结直肠癌的发生、发展、淋巴结转移、远处转移及复发等多个过程,与结直肠癌的发生发展密切相关,且其在血液和粪便中可保持一定的稳定性和特异性,故miRNA可作为结直肠腺瘤-腺癌临床早期检测及诊断结直肠癌的无创性新型生物标志物。目前已有不少研究在探索血清及粪便中miRNA分子标志物在结直肠腺瘤或结直肠癌筛查中的敏感度和精确度。以患者血清或粪便miRNA表达水平及结合其他实验室指标的动态变化数值作为结直肠癌疗效预测的生物标记物,在临床过程中将患者分层,实施个体化治疗,做到科学、合理、安全的用药,将提高结直肠癌的临床疗效。明确中医不同证型患者血清miRNA表达谱的不同并将miRNA表达水平作为微观辨证的生物标志物,可为中医药个体化治疗奠定基础。     

Effect of a Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin on the Oral and Intestinal Microflora in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery

The influence of ceftriaxone on oral and intestinal flora was investigated in 10 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Ceftriaxone was given intravenously in one 2g dose before anesthesia. Saliva and feces samples were collected and analyzed on day 0, 3, 5, 14 and 28 after drug administration. All specimens were cultured quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms; representative colonies of each morphologic type of organism cultured were identified. The oral aerobic flora was somewhat affected by the administration of ceftriaxone. In all patients the number of Streptococci, Staphylococci and Neisseria decreased during the 5 days after ceftriaxone administration. No significant changes in the number of anaerobic commensal occurred. The oral microflora of all patients after 14 days had returned to normal. The aerobic fecal flora was considerably affected: in all patients enterobacteria were eliminated or strongly suppressed. Only minor changes in the number of aerobic gram-positive bacteria were observed, and the anaerobic intestinal flora showed only minor alterations. On day 28 the intestinal flora were normalized in all respects. No new colonizing microorganisms were isolated during the investigation period and no colonization with ceftriaxone-resistant bacteria was observed. No postoperative infection occurred and no adverse effects were registered.     

大承气汤治疗便秘的实验研究

目的:探讨大承气汤治疗便秘的作用。方法:小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、阳性对照麻仁胶囊(2 g.kg-1)组、大承气汤29.6,14.8,7.4 g.kg-1剂量组,观察大承气汤对正常小鼠、燥热禁水便秘模型和复方地芬诺酯(DC)模型小鼠小肠碳末推进率、首次黑便排出时间和6 h排出黑便点数的影响。结果:大承气汤对正常小鼠、燥结失水便秘模型小鼠及复方地芬诺醋(DC)便秘模型小鼠均可缩短首次黑便排出时间(P<0.01),增加6 h排出黑粪点数(P<0.01);大承气汤还能增加正常和复方地芬诺醋(DC)便秘模型小鼠小肠推进率(P<0.01)。结论:大承气汤对正常和便秘模型小鼠有较强的促进排便和增加肠蠕动作用。