Rescue Sedation When Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department With Intramuscular Antipsychotics

Background

Rapid treatment of agitation in the emergency department (ED) is critical to avoid injury to patients and providers. Treatment with intramuscular antipsychotics is often utilized, but there is a paucity of comparative effectiveness evidence available.

家长陪同对口腔门诊患儿七氟烷全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响研究

 目的　研究家长陪同对口腔门诊患儿七氟烷全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法　选取2017年6—12月于重庆医科大学附属口腔医院行七氟烷全身麻醉口腔治疗患儿120例，随机分为陪同组和未陪同组，每组60例。陪同组患儿在治疗前麻醉诱导期及治疗后苏醒期均有家长陪同，未陪同组患儿在麻醉诱导期及苏醒期均无家长陪同。采用小儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表（pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale，PAED）对患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动情况进行评分，并计算躁动发生率。结果　陪同组PAED评分为（9.18 ± 3.41）分，未陪同组PAED评分为（10.57 ± 3.62）分，两组PAED评分比较，差异有统计学意义（t = 2.04，P = 0.03）。陪同组躁动发生率（26.67%）明显低于非陪同组（50.00%），差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 6.91，P = 0.01）。结论　治疗前麻醉诱导期及治疗后苏醒期有家长陪同，可减少患儿躁动的发生，提高家长对口腔治疗的满意度，促进良好的医患关系。     

The Effect of Using PARO for People Living With Dementia and Chronic Pain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of interaction with a robotic seal (PARO) on pain and behavioral and psychological symptoms of people with dementia and chronic pain.DesignA parallel pilot randomized controlled trial conducted between January 2018 and January 2019.SettingThree long-term care facilities in Australia.ParticipantsForty-three participants aged ≥65 years living with dementia and chronic pain.InterventionParticipants were randomized to the PARO group (individual, nonfacilitated, 30-minute sessions, 5 days per week for 6 weeks) or a usual care group using a computer-generated random number.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was researcher-rated observational pain behaviors before and after each session. Secondary outcomes were staff-rated pain level, agitation, depression, and anxiety measured at baseline and the end of week 6. Medications regularly prescribed and as needed were recorded weekly. Analyses followed intention-to-treat, using the generalized estimating equation model. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000082202).ResultsParticipants in the PARO group had a significantly lowered level of observed pain [−0.514, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.774 to −0.254, P < .001] and used fewer pro re nata medications (−1.175, 95% CI −2.205 to −0.145, P = .025) than those in usual care after controlling for age, sex, cognitive function and medications. There were no significant differences in staff-rated pain, agitation, anxiety, and depression, nor regularly scheduled medications between intervention and control group.Conclusions and ImplicationsPARO shows promise in reducing pain and medications for individuals with dementia and chronic pain in long-term care facilities. This intervention might be incorporated into daily practice as an alternative to manage pain in people with dementia. Larger randomized controlled trials with longer time frames are needed to identify further and test the use of PARO in long-term care settings.     

全麻苏醒期患儿躁动风险预测模型的建立与验证

目的 建立与验证全麻苏醒期患儿躁动风险列线图预测模型,为识别躁动高风险患儿提供评估工具。方法 收集全麻手术的1～6岁患儿651例,随机分为建模组(n=459)和验证组(n=192),利用多因素logistic回归分析确定建模组全麻苏醒期患儿躁动的危险因素,构建列线图预测模型,分别使用建模组和验证组数据集对模型进行验证。结果 苏醒期发生躁动160例(建模组113例,验证组47例),躁动发生率24.58%。多因素logistic回归显示,年龄、手术科室、身体约束、麻醉方式、镇痛治疗、留置尿管是全麻苏醒期患儿躁动的影响因素(均P<0.05)。基于6个危险因素构建列线图预测模型,模型验证的校正曲线显示模型准确度良好,建模组ROC曲线下面积为0.767,验证组为0.827。结论 全麻苏醒期患儿躁动风险列线图预测模型具有良好的准确度和区分度,可为临床筛查术后躁动高危患儿提供评估工具。     

右旋美托咪定抑制全麻患者苏醒期躁动与脑电分段频谱的关系

目的通过对患者脑电分段频谱的分析,研究术中短时间内输注右旋美托咪定对行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的全身麻醉患者苏醒期躁动抑制作用的电生理因素,并确认拔出气管导管前的脑电变化能否预测术后躁动的发生。方法选取2014年12月到2016年3月期间择期LC的全麻患者60例。采用两种分类方法进行数据统计:(1)将患者分为研究组(右旋美托咪定组,D组)和对照组(空白组,C组),每组各30例。D组于常规剂量静吸复合麻醉药物诱导插管后的10 min内给予0.5μg/kg的右旋美托咪定稀释液;C组则相应给与相同体积的生理盐水注射液。收集患者从麻醉前清醒状态到清醒拔管后30 min内经Narcotrend脑电监测仪器记录的脑电图数据(包括术前清醒时刻Base的脑电图和停止吸入麻药并wash out时刻T0的脑电图),记录拔管后即时(T1),拔管后10 min时(T2),拔管后20 min时(T3),拔管后30 min时(T4)的苏醒期RASS镇静评分以及患者术中的生命体征数据,比较D组与C组的苏醒期RASS镇静评分差异、脑电分段频谱差异。(2)根据苏醒期RASS镇静评分将所有患者重新分组为镇静组(AC组,T1、T2、T3、T4时刻的RASS评分均≤-1)和躁动组(EA组,T1、T2、T3、T4时刻至少有一个RASS评分≥1),通过比较AC组与EA组患者对应的T0时刻的脑电分段频谱,探讨拔管前脑电改变对术后躁动是否有预测作用。结果 (1)D组与C组在术中的平均动脉压(MAP);心率(HR);呼气末二氧化碳浓度(Et CO2);脉搏血氧饱和度(Sp O2)方面的比较没有统计学差异(P0.05)。(2)D组与C组苏醒期RASS镇静评分的比较,T1时刻,D组发生躁动(RASS评分≥1)的概率小于C组发生躁动(RASS评分≥1)的概率(P=0.022);T3时刻,D组发生躁动的概率小于C组发生躁动的概率(P=0.026);T2时刻,T4时刻D组与C组发生躁动的差异没有统计学意义;D组与C组中苏醒期躁动(RASS评分≥1)绝大部分发生在T1时刻(66.7%),少部分发生在T2时刻(33.3%)。(3)D组与C组各时间段脑电图分段频谱的比较中,D组与C组在Base、T0、T1、T2、T3、T4时刻的脑电NTI、α波β波θ波功率百分比比较,差异均无统计学意义;但D组在T0、T1时刻的脑电总功率power较C组降低,且T1时刻δ波的百分比增加(P0.05)。(4)EA组与AC组的T0时刻脑电图分段频谱的比较中,EA组较AC组T0时刻脑电总功率Power、β波百分比增加,δ波百分比降低(P0.05)。结论 (1)右旋美托咪定能够抑制LC患者全麻苏醒期躁动,使术后镇静情况更好;能够引起脑电信号总功率Power值降低,δ波的比例增加,这种脑电改变可能是抑制苏醒期躁动的电生理因素。(2)患者拔管前的脑电β波百分比增加、δ波的百分比下降,对术后躁动的发生可能有预测作用。     

小儿全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的研究进展

苏醒期躁动是小儿全身麻醉的常见并发症,近年来,随着七氟烷等吸入麻醉药物的使用,躁动的发生率日益增加。躁动可造成小儿自身伤害,增加复苏室护理人员的负担,降低患儿家属的满意度。引起躁动的原因包括年龄因素、手术类型、疼痛的影响、术前焦虑状态以及吸入麻醉药物的使用。对患儿进行适当的心理安慰,预防性使用镇静镇痛药物,优化围术期麻醉管理,充分的术后镇痛和安抚,均可降低小儿苏醒期躁动的发生率。     

Repurposing Valproate,Enteral Clonidine,and Phenobarbital for Comfort in Adult ICU Patients: A Literature Review with Practical Considerations

Provision of adequate sedation is a fundamental part of caring for critically ill patients. Propofol, dexmedetomidine, and benzodiazepines are the most commonly administered sedative medications for adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). These agents are limited by adverse effects, need for a monitored environment for safe administration, and lack of universal effectiveness. Increased interest has recently been expressed about repurposing older pharmacologic agents for patient comfort in the ICU. Valproate, enteral clonidine, and phenobarbital are three agents with increasing evidence supporting their use. Potential benefits associated with their utilization are cost minimization and safe administration after transition out of the ICU. This literature review describes the historical context, pharmacologic characteristics, supportive data, and practical considerations associated with the administration of these agents for comfort in critically ill adult patients.     

全麻患者苏醒期躁动影响因素的Meta分析

目的探讨全麻患者苏醒期躁动(EA)发生的相关影响因素。方法检索CNKI、Wanfang、VIP、PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase等数据库,收集建库至2020年1月19日有关EA影响因素的文献。根据纳入及排除标准筛选文献,并对纳入文献进行质量评价,采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入26篇文献,共计21 179例观察对象,其中病例组3182例,对照组17 997例。Meta分析结果显示,两组男性、吸烟史、合并高血压、脑外伤或脑梗死病史、合并糖尿病、术前焦虑、气管插管、留置导尿管、手术时间、麻醉时间、药物催醒、术后疼痛、低氧(SpO_290%)、麻醉恢复室停留时间等因素与全麻术后EA的发生有关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);亚组分析显示,吸入麻醉、麻醉诱导后留置尿管、开胸手术、普外科手术、ASAⅡ级、ASAⅢ级、术中开放性补液等因素是EA的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在临床治疗过程中应充分了解患者的个体情况,整体预测和识别高危患者,制订针对性措施预防苏醒期躁动的发生。     

日光疗法对老年痴呆患者激越行为影响的meta分析

目的 探讨日光疗法对老年痴呆患者激越行为的治疗效果。方法 检索Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane library、Web of science、中国生物医学数据库、中国知网、万方知识服务平台、维普数据库。利用RevMan5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 纳入6篇文献(英文5篇,中文1篇),日光疗法能够改善老年痴呆患者的激越行为[标准化均数差(standardized mean difference, SMD)=-0.43,95%CI(-0.80～-0.06),P=0.02];亚组分析结果显示,与对照组比较,光照周期>4周[SMD=-0.44,95%CI(-0.75～-0.13),P=0.006],每天光照2次[SMD=-0.47,95%CI(-0.92～-0.03),P=0.04],光照强度≤1 000 lux[SMD=-0.49,95%CI(-0.86～-0.12),P=0.01],差异均有统计学意义。光照时间亚组分析结果显示光照时间<2 h[SMD=-0.58,95%CI(-1.20～0.04),P=0.07],光照时间≥2 h[SMD=-0.27,95%CI(-...     

Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Background: Acute agitation is a serious complication of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which may escalate quickly to aggressive behavior. Rapid treatment is therefore important to calm and stabilize the patient, reducing the potential for harm to the patient and others, and allowing further assessment. Current guidelines suggest that where pharmacologic intervention is indicated, medication should preferably be non-invasive, should have a rapid onset and should control aggressive behavior in the short term without compromising the physician–patient relationship in the long term.

Objectives: This article presents an overview of a new inhaled formulation of the established antipsychotic loxapine, which aims to provide a more rapidly acting agent for the treatment of acute agitation without the disadvantages of intramuscular or intravenous injection.

Discussion: Inhaled loxapine is rapidly absorbed with intravenous-like pharmacokinetics, with a time to maximum plasma concentration of 2?minutes and a plasma half-life of approximately 6?hours. In phase III studies, loxapine reduced agitation within 10?minutes of inhalation; agitation was decreased at all subsequent assessments during a 24-hour evaluation period. Inhaled loxapine was generally well tolerated with no undue sedation. The most common adverse events were dysgeusia, mild sedation, and dizziness. Inhaled loxapine is contraindicated in patients with asthma, COPD or other pulmonary disease associated with bronchospasm.

Conclusions: Inhaled loxapine rapidly reduces acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and is generally well tolerated. The non-invasive route of delivery respects the patient’s autonomy, reducing the perception of coercion or forced medication. Inhaled loxapine is therefore an effective and appropriate option for use in the emergency setting in patients with acute agitation.