齐拉西酮注射液治疗精神分裂症急性兴奋临床研究

目的观察齐拉西酮注射液治疗精神分裂症患者急性兴奋的疗效和安全性。方法将急性精神分裂症兴奋患者71例分为两组,治疗组36例予齐拉西酮肌内注射,对照组35例予氟哌啶醇肌内注射,患者入组后即给予齐拉西酮注射液10mg或氟哌啶醇注射液5-10mg肌内注射,4-6h后可重复使用,齐拉西酮及氟哌啶醇每日总量均不超过40mg/d,观察疗程均为3天。采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）中兴奋因子（PANSS-EC）的变化评定临床疗效,副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应。于治疗前、治疗第2、6、24、48、72小时分别评定PANSS-EC,副反应量表（TESS）,治疗前及治疗结束时分别评定血、尿、生化常规及心电图。结果治疗72小时,齐拉西酮组的PANSS-EC总分明显降低,PANSS-EC减分率为（71±27）%,临床总有效率为52.7%;氟哌啶醇组的PANSS-EC减分率为（67±24）%,临床总有效率为45.7%,两组的差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）;齐拉西酮组总的不良反应发生率41.7%,氟哌啶醇组为54.3%,两组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;齐拉西酮组的心脏不良反应发生率19.4%,氟哌啶醇组为14.3%,两组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;氟哌啶醇组的锥体外系的发生率明显高于齐拉西酮组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论齐拉西酮注射液治疗精神分裂症急性兴奋疗效肯定,安全性高。     

老年性痴呆患者激越行为的护理进展

随着全世界老年人口的迅速增长，老年性痴呆的发病率逐年增高，老年性痴呆是一种常见的慢性器质性疾病，是以脑萎缩、变性为主的脑部广泛性退行性病变，表现为进行性记忆、认知，智能障碍，其中激越行为是老年性痴呆患者最常见的行为问题，也是照顾者最难以应付的问题之一。Cohen等将激越行为定义为“不能用患者的特定需求或意识来解释的某些不恰当的语言、声音和运动性行为”。并将其归纳为3个症状群：攻击行为、身体非攻击行为和语言激越行为。同时有研究表明，需要护理的患者90％以上存在激越行为。国外报道，老年性痴呆患者激越行为的发生率在50％～90％，尤其在护理院等机构更为普遍。     

The manifestation and nursing management of agitation in institutionalised residents with dementia

This participatory action research study is the first formal research study undertaken by nurses in a nursing development unit. The study emerged as the result of nurses brainstorming issues that they perceived to be problematic in their nursing practice and their unit environment. The nurses of the psycho-geriatric nursing development unit, Wallsend Aged Care Facility, New South Wales, Australia identified that the management of agitated behaviour manifested by their severely demented clients was a major challenge in their practice. As a result, a pilot participatory action research study was designed to measure how agitation manifested, to measure the severity of agitation and to identify current nursing practices used to manage it and their outcome. Results of the study demonstrated that nurse actions triggered the majority of most highly rated episodes of agitated behaviour in this group of elderly residents, and that the majority of these nurse actions related to those involved in carrying out activities of daily living for the residents.     

Efeito de duas doses diferentes de dexmedetomidina na incidência de agitação ao despertar após cirurgia para correção de estrabismo: um ensaio clínico randômico

Background and objective

Emergence agitation is a postoperative negative behavior that affects mainly children. We studied the effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence and degree of EA in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

右美托咪定静脉泵注和鼻内给药两种方式对小儿口腔日间手术术后躁动的影响

目的比较右美托咪定静脉泵注和鼻内给药两种方法对七氟烷吸入麻醉下小儿口腔日间手术术后躁动的影响。方法随机纳入135例拟行口腔日间手术的患儿,年龄1~6岁,分为3组,每组45例,分别予麻醉诱导后右美托咪定1μg/kg静脉泵注(VD组)、麻醉诱导前15 min右美托咪定1μg/kg鼻内给药(ND组)或等量生理盐水对照(C组)。所有患儿采用七氟烷全凭吸入麻醉。术后每5 min进行一次躁动评分(PEDA)及疼痛评分(FLACC);记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、手术结束时(T3)及苏醒时(T4)的HR、BP;记录苏醒时间、PACU停留时间及恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、心动过缓等不良反应发生情况。结果 VD组和ND组术后躁动发生率明显低于C组(P0.01);T2和T3时VD组心率明显低于ND组和C组(P0.01),T3时ND组心率低于C组(P0.05);VD组和ND组苏醒时间长于C组(P0.01);3组患儿PACU停留时间没有差异;3组患儿最高疼痛评分没有差异。VD组有4例患儿出现心动过缓需使用阿托品治疗。3组患儿均未发生其他严重不良反应。结论右美托咪定静脉泵注和鼻内给药都能明显降低七氟烷麻醉后躁动的发生,右美托咪定鼻内给药对心率影响更小。     

芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学

Oblective To define the median effective dose (ED50) and 95%effective dose of fentanyl for inhibition of emergence agitation after sevoflurane-remifentanil anesthesia in children.Methods Twenty six ASA ⅠorⅡchildren aged 5-8 yr weighing 15-30 kg undergoing adenoidectomy under general anesthesia were studied.The patients were unpremedicated.Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of 8%sevoflurane (fresh gas flow=6 L/min)and iv remifentanil 1μg/kg.The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation.Fentanyl was injected iv to inhibit emergence agitation.The dose of fentanyl was determined by using modified Dixon's upand-down method (increment or decrement of 0.5μg/kg).The initial dose of fentanyl was 4 μg/kg.Anesthesia Sevoflurane inhalation and remifentanil infusion were terminated at the end of operation.The patients were transferred to the PACU.No alteration in the ventilatory settings was made.Stimulation of the patients was avoided during emergence.The emergence time and the occurrence of agitation,nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression within 4h after operation were recorded.ED50,ED95 and 95%confidence interval (CI) of fentanyl for inhibition of emergence agitation were calculated.Results ED50 was 3.01μg/kg (95%CI 2.52-3.40μg/kg) and ED95 3.81μg/kg(95%CI 3.41-6.22μg/kg).No nsusea and vomiting and respiratory depression occurred within 4h after operation.The emergence time was (11.3±2.6) min.Conclusion The ED50 and ED95 of fentanyl for inhibition of emergence agitation after sevoflurane-remifentanyl anesthesia were 3.01 and 3.81μg/kg respectively in children.     

芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学

目的 探讨芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学.方法 择期拟行鼻内镜下增殖体刮除术的息儿26例,年龄5～8岁,体重15～30 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.麻醉诱导:吸入8%七氟醚(氧流量6 L/min),静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg(经30 s注射完),气管插管后行机械通气,随后静脉注射芬太尼抑制麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动,采用改良的序贯法确定静脉注射芬太尼的剂量.第1例患儿静脉注射芬太尼的剂量为4μg/kg,相邻剂量差值为0.5μg/kg,以患儿苏醒后易激惹且难以安慰作为判断躁动发生的标准.麻醉维持:吸人2%七氟醚(氧流量1 L/min),静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1.术毕停用七氟醚和瑞芬太尼,带气管导管回麻醉恢复室,待患儿苏醒.记录术后4h内患儿躁动、恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等的发生情况及苏醒时间.计算芬太尼抑制50%、95%患儿七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间躁动的剂量(ED50、ED95)及其95%可信区间.结果 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50及其95%可信区间为3.01(2.52～3.40)μg/kg,En95及其95%可信区间为3.81(3.41～6.22)μg/kg.术后4h内未发生明显恶心、呕吐及呼吸抑制.苏醒时间(11.3±2.6)min.结论 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50为3.01μg/kg,ED95为3.81μg/kg.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在开胸术后全麻苏醒期镇静观察

目的比较舒芬太尼和芬太尼对择期开胸术全麻术后苏醒期患者的镇静效果。方法将42例行择期开胸手术的患者随机分为芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组。在手术结束前10min,分别给予芬太尼和舒芬太尼。观察两组患者术后的自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间、麻醉恢复室的时间;拔管即刻、拔管后3min、出麻醉恢复室时的Ramsay镇静评分、躁动评分,并进行统计学分析。结果舒芬太尼组的Ramsay镇静评分明显高于芬太尼组,而其躁动评分低于芬太尼组。结论与芬太尼组比较,开胸患者手术结束前加用舒芬太尼能明显减少术后全麻苏醒期躁动的发生率,有利于患者的术后康复,减少术后并发症的发生。