How many lymph nodes are necessary to stage early and advanced adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and upper rectum?

The lymph-node yields in specimens resected for colorectal adenocarcinoma show considerable variations, raising the question whether the minimum lymph-node number recommended by the UICC (International Union Against Cancer) for pN0 classification represents an appropriate quality standard for specimen work-up. The number of pericolic lymph nodes recovered from 568 archival surgical colorectal carcinoma specimens located in the sigmoid or upper rectum showed a highly statistically significant correlation with both the pT category and the presence of metastases (P<0.0005). The median lymph-node yield in standardized (i.e., resembling in size surgically removed cancer specimens) tumor-free specimens obtained during autopsies was 13 lymph nodes, compared with 20.5 when diverticula were present and more than 30 in specimens with chronic inflammation or from patients with systemic infections. In 48 pT2 and pT3 carcinoma specimens prospectively dissected in the same way, median numbers of 18 (pT2) and 23 (pT3) lymph nodes were detected (range between 8 and 39 nodes). The lymph-node numbers recommended in previous studies and by the UICC often seem to be too low to declare a specimen free of metastases. Although the great variation in lymph-node counts requires the recovery of all lymph nodes for pN0 classification, recommendations considering the pT status and additional factors like diverticula and inflammatory changes can be useful as a quality standard for specimen work up.     

卵巢宫内膜样腺癌的病理组织学及组织化学分析

本文通过对２４肺卵巢宫内膜样腺癌的巨检，镜及组织化学染色等结果分析，提出按该瘤所含组织成分，将其分为单纯型及混合型两大类。单纯型中分化程度不同又再分成Ⅰ，Ⅱ，ⅢⅣ级。混合型中根据所含成分又再分为腺棘癌，腺鳞癌，透明细胞腺癌型，含粘液腺癌型及含浆液腺癌型。讨论了该瘤的临床表现，发病率，组织来源，病理特征，诊断步骤及各类型与预后之间的关系。     

Development of patient derived organoids for cancer drug screening applications

Cancer is a disease characterised by abnormal cell growth that can invade or spread to other regions of the body. Organoids are three-dimensional ex vivo tissue cultures made from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells or tissue that serve as a physiological model for cancer research. These are designed to recapitulate the in vivo properties of tumours. Importantly, effective recapitulation of the structure of tissues and function is believed to predict patient response, allowing for the creation of personalised therapy in a timely manner that may be used in the clinic. This Review discusses the pre-clinical model and different types of human organoids as models for the development of high throughput drug screening and also aims to highlight how organoids are shaping the future of cancer research.     

Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a component of acinar/tubular type differentiation simulating prostatic adenocarcinoma

We report a case of an 83-year-old man with a high-grade carcinoma of the urinary bladder who underwent cystoprostatectomy. The invasive carcinoma showed mixed, morphologically distinct patterns consisting of conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma, glandular differentiation resembling enteric type adenocarcinoma, and acinar/tubular type differentiation, morphologically similar to Gleason grade 3 prostatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the acinar/tubular component of the tumor to be negative for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, but positive for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, high molecular weight cytokeratin (34 beta E12), and thrombomodulin, consistent with origin from the bladder rather than the prostate. Although bladder carcinomas composed of mixed morphologic patterns are not uncommon, to our knowledge, the presence of acinar/tubular type features simulating prostatic adenocarcinoma in such tumors has not been described elsewhere.     

CD44v6和E-cadherin表达与结直肠癌浸润转移关系

目的　探讨CD44v6和E cadherin(E cad)蛋白表达与结直肠癌浸润转移的相关性。方法　应用免疫组织化学技术 ,检测 90例结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和E cad蛋白表达。结果　 90例结直肠癌中CD44v6和E cad蛋白阳性表达率分别为75 6 %和 46 7%。CD44v6高表达及E cad低表达与结直肠癌Dukes分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结转移、肝脏转移均呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结直肠癌中CD44v6表达与E cad表达呈负相关 (r =- 0 4 3,P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　CD44v6和E cad表达与结直肠癌浸润转移密切相关。检测CD44v6和E cad蛋白表达可作为判断结直肠癌预后的客观指标。     

CA125-producing adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle

A case of primary seminal vesicle carcinoma is reported. The tumor was a CA125-producing adenocarcinoma consisting of fine papillary-tubular, intricate branching or anastomosing glandular structures and was composed of small cuboidal, but occasionally hobnailed, cells with mostly clear, but occasionally granular, cytoplasm. Some tumor cells showed evidence of secretion of seromucinous materials into the interpapillary and cystic space. lmmunohistochemically, almost half of the tumor cells expressed a positive reaction with anti-CAl25, a common serological marker for ovarian epithelial carcinomas; however, no tumor cells expressed any other serological tumor markers such as carcinoem-bryonic antigen, α-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, prostatic specific acid phosphatase, or prostatic specific antigen. The patient showed a high level of serological CA125, which fluctuated parallel with the growth, removal and recurrence of the tumor. The morphological and immunohistochemical findings suggested a close relationship between the present tumor and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary, which is thought to be of a Müllerian-Wolfian duct origin.     

Variable Regions 1 and 2 (VR1 and VR2) in JSRV gag Are Not Responsible for the Endogenous JSRV Particle Release Defect

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus causing ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, a transmissible lung tumor of sheep. A very closely related endogenous retrovirus (enJSRV) occurs as 15 to 20 copies in the genome of all sheep, and is not known to be linked to pathogenesis. We previously localized a particle release defect of the full-length endogenous-derived expression construct pCMV2enJS56A1 to the amino-terminal region of gag that incorporates the two variable regions VR1 and VR2, which harbor the main sequence differences between endogenous and exogenous JSRV in this part of gag. Here, we tested the hypothesis that either or both of these variable regions are responsible for the observed particle release defect in enJS56A1. We found that the PPPPPPPS motif of the exogenous VR1 is neither necessary nor sufficient for particle release. Furthermore, the precise substitution of VR1 and VR2 in the exogenous JSRV expression plasmid pCMV2JS ₂₁, using their enJS56A1-derived counterparts, did not abrogate the ability of the resulting constructs to release particles. The particle release defect of enJS56A1 is therefore not determined exclusively by either VR1 or VR2. These results point to a small number of amino acids lying outside of VR1 and VR2 that may be responsible for the particle defect of enJS56A1 Gag.     

BRI基因在一对转移能力不同的肺腺癌细胞系中的序列分析与表达研究

目的 确认淀粉样纤维蛋白基因(amyloid fibrils，BRI)基因在l对同源但转移能力不同的肺腺癌细胞系AGZY83-a和Anip973中的序列并分析其表达。方法 采用测序技术，Northern印迹杂交。G显带后荧光原位杂交分析BRI基因在肺腺癌细胞系的序列与表达。结果 BRI基因在高转移肺腺癌细胞系Anip973中高表达，在其低转移母系AGZY83-a中低表达，两细胞系BRI基因染色体定位区均存在断裂重排。该基因染色体定位区在Anip973中出现扩增。已知BRI基因的-116bp～-5bp处碱基序列和-115bp～-5bp处碱基序列在AGZY83-a和Anip973中分别突变为CTCAGCAGCCCGC和TCAGCCGC。结论 BRI基因在转移能力不同的肺腺癌细胞系差异表达与该基因的染色体定位区域的断裂重排无关，与该基因染色体定位区拷贝数增加及5′非翻译区存在不同的突变可能相关。     

PLPP2: Potential therapeutic target of breast cancer in PLPP family

PLPPs (Phospholipid phosphatases) are widely expressed in different human tissues, regulate cell signal transduction, and are overexpressed in cancers such as gliomas, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and so on. As a member of the PLPP family, PLPP2 (phospholipid phosphatase 2) plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer, but its mechanism is still unclear. Our research found that PLPP2 was overexpressed in breast cancer, and the higher expression level of PLPP2 showed a worse prognosis for breast cancer patients. Further analysis showed that overexpression of PLPP2 affected the expression of CDC34 (cell-division cycle 34), LSM7 (Like-Smith 7), and SGTA (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha) through EMT (epigenetic-mesenchymal transition) related pathways to promote the occurrence and development of breast cancer. In vitro, silencing PLPP2 significantly reduced the proliferation, invasion, and migration abilities of human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. ER+ is a common subtype of breast cancer. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of PLPP2 was significantly related to the poor prognosis of ER+ breast cancer. These results indicate that PLPP2 has value as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer, especially for ER+ breast cancer.     

Clear cell adenocarcinoma with endobronchial polypoid growth

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lung is extremely rare. On radiography, a 45-year-old female with fever was found to have an abnormal shadow in the left lower lung field. Bronchoscopy revealed a polypoid tumor in the left bronchus. On biopsy, the tumor was determined to be adenocarcinoma. Preoperative examination found no tumors outside of the lung. The patient underwent left lower lobectomy with bronchial wedge resection. The tumor had completely obstructed and dilated the left lower bronchus, but had not invaded the tissue outside the bronchial wall. Microscopically, the cytoplasm of the tumor cells contained abundant glycogen, and the tumor had solid and glandular structures. The tumor was diagnosed as clear cell adenocarcinoma of the lung.