Gout in African Americans

Purpose

African Americans have a substantially higher prevalence of risk factors for gout than Caucasians. The aim of the present study was to compare the risk for incident gout among African Americans and Caucasians.

Methods

Incidence rates of physician-diagnosed gout among 11,559 Caucasian men and 931 African American men aged 35 to 57 years and at high cardiovascular risk, observed for 7 years as a part of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, were analyzed. Cox regression models were used to account for potential confounding by age, body mass index, diuretic use, hypertension and diabetes status, aspirin and alcohol consumption, and kidney disease.

Results

At baseline, after accounting for risk factors, African Americans had a 14% lower prevalence of hyperuricemia than Caucasians. Incidence of gout increased with increasing prevalence of risk factors in both Caucasians and African Americans. Ethnic disparities in incidence rates were most apparent among those without other risk factors for gout. In separate Cox regression models, after accounting for risk factors, African American ethnicity was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.93) for physician-diagnosed gout and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.90) for incident hyperuricemia. Significant interactions were observed; the association was the strongest (hazard ratio 0.47; 0.37-0.60). These associations were unaffected by addition of serum urate as a covariate or by using alternate case definitions for gout.

Conclusions

After accounting for the higher prevalence of risk factors, African American ethnicity is associated with a significantly lower risk for gout and hyperuricemia compared with Caucasian ethnicity.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者尿酸水平与人体测量学指标的研究

目的：探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者人体测量学指标与血尿酸水平的关系。方法选择2010年1月至2012年8月经彩色多普勒超声及肝组织活检诊断为NAFLD患者109例为NAFLD组,选择同期健康体检者47例为非NAFLD组。常规测量两组人员人体测量学指标[身高、体质指数、腰围（WC）、臀围]及生物化学指标[空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、血尿酸（SUA）]。结果与非NAFLD组相比,NAFLD组患者BMI显著增高（P =0.000）,腰围（WC）亦显著增高（P男性=0.000;P女性=0.026）。NAFLD组男性人员患者腰臀比（WHR）明显高于非NAFLD组男性人员患者（P =0.000）,而两组女性人员患者WHR差异无统计学意义（P =0.119）。相对于非NAFLD组, NAFLD组男性患者血尿酸（SUA）水平明显高于非NAFLD组（P =0.000）,而两组女性人员患者SUA水平差异亦无统计学意义（P =0.386）。结论高尿酸血症（HUA）与NAFLD患者人体测量学指标变化及性别相关。     

血清尿酸水平与脑动脉狭窄的相关性研究

【摘要】
目的 探讨血清尿酸与脑动脉狭窄之间的关系。
方法 连续入组2011年10月至2012年5月因缺血性脑血管病住院并行脑血管造影的患者509例,依据血管造影脑动脉狭窄部位及狭窄程度（≥50%）分为四组：颅内动脉狭窄组（198例）、颅外动脉狭窄组（107例）、脑动脉狭窄组（55例）及无脑动脉狭窄的对照组（149例）。分析患者临床资料及血尿酸水平与颅内动脉狭窄之间是否存在相关性。
结果 颅内动脉狭窄组血尿酸水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.001）,血尿酸异常患者的比例也显著高于对照组（χ2=7.388,P=0.007）;将所有患者按血尿酸水平4分位分组,随着血尿酸水平的升高,颅内动脉狭窄的发生率逐渐增加（χ2=9.230,P=0.026）。Logistic回归分析显示,血尿酸水平升高是颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素之一［比值比（odds ratio,OR）1.005,P=0.001］。同样方法分析颅外动脉狭窄组与尿酸的关系未得到显著性结果。
结论 血尿酸水平升高与颅内动脉狭窄密切相关。     

葡萄糖转运子9与尿酸代谢间关系的研究进展

生物体内尿酸代谢异常可导致多种疾病的发生.新近发现,葡萄糖转运子家族中的葡萄糖转运子9除了转运葡萄糖外,还在尿酸的转运中起重要作用,其转运过程还受到pH、葡萄糖和雌激素等的影响.而葡萄糖转运子9的变异也会造成代谢病的发生.因此,针对葡萄糖转运子9的尿酸转运机制和相关药物的研究,将为临床上控制高尿酸血症和相关心血管病的发生提供新的思路.     

血清尿酸水平与自发性脑出血患者的近期临床转归:前瞻性病例系列研究

目的 探讨血清尿酸水平与自发性脑出血患者近期临床转归的关系.方法 前瞻性连续纳入发病24 h内入院的自发性脑出血患者.入院次日检测血清尿酸水平;发病30天时应用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评估临床转归.将患者分为转归良好组(mRS评分≤2分)与转归不良组(mRS评分≥3分).结果 共纳入92例自发性脑出血患者,其中46例(50％)为男性,平均年龄(63±12)岁,基线格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分为11分(9～12分).在发病后30天时进行的随访中,22例患者(23.9％)转归良好,70例患者(76.1％)转归不良.单变量分析显示,转归良好组GCS评分显著高于转归不良组[(13.85±2.80)分对(11.21±2.51)分;t=4.186,P=0.000],而血肿体积[(25.65 ±5.33)cm3对(34.60±8.97)cm3;t =4.430,P=0.000]和血清尿酸水平[(324.90±86.02) μmol/L对(458.63±72.77) μmol/L;t=7.193,P=0.000]显著低于转归不良组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,基线GCS评分低[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.810,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI) 1.382 ～2.382;P =0.001]、血肿体积较大(OR 1.156,95％ CI 1.045 ～ 1.280;P =0.005)和血清尿酸水平增高(OR2.127,95％ CI 1.055 ～4.287;P=0.035)是自发性脑出血患者近期临床转归不良的独立预测因素.结论 血清尿酸水平增高能预测自发性脑出血患者的近期临床转归不良.     

妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清肌酐、尿素氮、尿酸联合检测的临床意义

目的探讨妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）和尿酸（UA）联合检测的临床意义。方法选择2010年1月至2012年12月本院诊治的82例妊娠期高血压疾病患者作为观察组,其中妊娠期高血压34例（A组）,轻度子痫前期27例（B组）,重度子痫前期21例（C组）;选择同期正常妊娠孕晚期妇女作为对照组（55例）。测定血清UA、Cr和BUN三项肾功能指标水平,并比较围产儿结局。结果妊娠期高血压疾病患者血UA水平明显高于正常对照组孕妇,且随着病情发展呈现明显上升趋势,与妊娠期高血压疾病的严重程度呈正相关性,并有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。血清UA值增高与胎儿生长受限、胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息及围产儿死亡的发生率呈正相关性,并有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论妊娠期高血压疾病病情严重程度及围产儿预后与血清uA密切相关,动态联合监测UA、Cr和BUN对预测妊娠期高血压疾病病情变化和判断围产儿预后具有重要临床意义。     

Current Concepts in the Treatment of Gouty Arthritis

Gouty arthritis is an extremely painful condition that causes functional impairment. Gouty arthritis has become increasingly complex because of multiple comorbidities, iatrogenic factors and hyperuricemia that is refractory to treatment. In this review, we present a general overview of gouty arthritis including its pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, predisposing factors and prophylactic therapy for preventing gouty arthritis flares.     

Hcy D-D UA水平联合检测在子痫前期诊断及重度子痫前期预测中的应用

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、D-二聚体(D-D)、尿酸(UA)血清水平联合检测在子痫前期(PE)诊断及重度PE预测中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月至2022年4月铜陵市妇幼保健院收治的229例孕妇的临床资料,参照《妇产科学》第八版中PE诊断标准将其分为PE组(n=148)与非PE组(n=81),根据PE病情严重程度将PE患者分为轻度PE组(n=85)与重度PE组(n=63)。记录并比较各组患者Hcy、D-D、UA水平,以《妇产科学》第八版中的PE、轻度PE、重度PE诊断标准为“金标准”绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评价Hcy、D-D、UA水平联合检测在PE诊断及重度PE预测中的应用价值。结果 PE组孕妇收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、剖宫产史比例以及24 h尿蛋白均高于非PE组(P均<0.05)。PE组孕妇Hcy(12.85±1.4[JP2]3)μmol/L、D-D(2.39±0.42)μg/mL及UA(407.83±48.86)μmol/L均高于非PE组(9.51±1.14)μmol/L、(1.61±0.27)μg/mL、(321.43±41.67)μmol/L(P均<0.05)。Hcy+D-D+UA联合检测用于诊断PE的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.976,灵敏度为98.65%,特异度为97.53%,Hcy+D-D+UA联合检测PE诊断的效能优于Hcy、D-D、UA单独及任意两指标联合。重度PE组患者Hcy(13.98±1.52)μmol/L、D-D(2.12±0.35)μg/mL及UA(443.17±51.39)μmol/L均高于轻度PE组(12.01±1.37)μmol/L、(2.12±0.35)μg/mL、(381.64±46.98)μmol/L(P均<0.05)。PE患者Hcy水平分别与D-D、UA水平呈正相关(r=0.739、0.861,P均<0.05),D-D水平与UA水平呈正相关(r=0.708,P<0.05);而Hcy、D-D及UA水平分别与PE严重程度均呈正相关(r=0.654、0.813、0.776,P均<0.05)。Hcy+D-D+UA联合检测对重度PE预测的AUC为0.941,灵敏度为90.48%,特异度为95.29%,Hcy+D-D+UA联合检测较Hcy、D-D、UA单独及任意两指标联合用于重度PE预测的效能更优。结论 PE患者Hcy、D-D、UA水平均升高且相互呈正相关,而重度PE患者Hcy、D-D、UA水平均升高更为明显,Hcy+D-D+UA联合检测可提高PE诊断效能与重度PE预测效果,值得借鉴。     

A J‐Shaped Association Between Serum Uric Acid Level and Allograft Outcomes After Living Donor Kidney Transplantation

Hyperuricemia following kidney transplantation (KT) may contribute to a decline in allograft renal function, but be affected by KT‐related confounding factors. Some studies have even suggested that a reduction in serum uric acid (UA) is associated with poor patient outcomes. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of serum UA on allograft outcomes in 281 KT recipients. KT recipients were divided into five groups according to serum UA level (mg/dL): Group I (n = 46), ≤ 5; Group II (n = 62), >5 and ≤6; Group III (n = 70), >6 and ≤7; Group IV (n = 53), >7 and ≤8; Group V (n = 50), >8. Regression analysis showed that serum UA level was significantly associated with future allograft function. In a Kaplan–Meier analysis, the dialysis‐free survival of Group II recipients was better than that of the other groups (Group I, 140 ± 5 months; Group II, 208 ± 7 months; Group III, 148 ± 4 months; Group IV, 185 ± 12 months; Group V, 164 ± 11 months; P = 0.0164). In Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for estimated glomerular filtration rate, the relative risk of allograft loss still tended to be elevated in Group I (HR=3.417, 95% CI 1.138–10.258) and Group V (HR=2.793, 95% CI 1.108–7.041), using Group II as the reference. Our results suggest that there is a J‐shaped association between serum UA levels and allograft outcomes in living donor KT recipients.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress participates in uric acid - induced phenotypic transformation of renal tubular epithelial cells

Objective To explore the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) in uric acid-induced phenotypic change in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). Methods (1) HK-2 cells were cultured with 0, 75, 150, 225, 300 mg/L uric acid for 24 h in vitro. (2) The cells were divided into normal control group, ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA (5 μmol/L) group, uric acid (150 mg/L) group and 4-PBA+uric acid group for 24 h. Morphological changes of HK-2 cells were observed under inverted microscope. MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of HK-2 cells treated with 150 mg/L uric acid for 24, 48 and 72 h. The protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, snail, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) in HK-2 cells were measured by Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, HK-2 cells in uric acid groups (150, 225, 300 mg/L) showed fibroblast-like appearance. The protein expressions of α-SMA, vimentin, snail, GRP78 and p-eIF2α in 150 mg/L and 225 mg/L uric acid groups were higher than those in the control group (all P＜0.05). The proliferation of HK-2 cells in 150 mg/L uric acid group was lower than that in control group at 48 and 72 h (all P＜0.01). Compared with the uric acid group, the cell morphology in 4-PBA+uric acid group was improved, and the protein expressions of α-SMA, vimentin, snail, GRP78 and p-eIF2α were decreased (all P＜0.05). Conclusions Uric acid may induce the phenotype transformation of renal tubular epithelial cell, and ER stress is involved. 4-PBA may inhibit the uric acid-induced ER stress response and phenotypic transformation, and may be beneficial in attenuating uric acid-induced renal tubular damage.