Cycle-to-cycle control of swing phase of paraplegic gait induced by surface electrical stimulation

Parameterised swing phase of gait in paraplegics was obtained using surface electrical stimulation of the hip flexors, hamstrings and quadriceps; the hip flexors were stimulated to obtain a desired hip angle range, the hamstrings to provide foot clearance in the forward swing, and the quadriceps to acquire knee extension at the end of the swing phase. We report on two main aspects; optimisation of the initial stimulation parameters, and parameter adaption (control). The initial stimulation patterns were experimentally optimised in two paraplegic subjects using a controlled stand device, resulting in an initial satisfactory swinging motion in both subjects. Intersubject differences appeared in the mechanical output (torque joint) per muscle group. During a prolonged open-loop controlled trial with the optimised but unregulated stimulation onsets and burst duration for the three muscle groups, the hip angle range per cycle initially increased above the desired value and subsequently decreased below it. The mechanical performance of the hamstrings and quadriceps remained relatively unaffected. A cycle-to-cycle controller was then designed, operating on the basis of the hip angle ranges obtained in previous swings. This controller successfully adapted the burst duration of the hip flexors to maintain the desired hip angle range.     

肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤2例及文献复习

目的探讨肢端黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断。方法对2例发生在下肢末端的黏液样炎性纤维母细胞肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记，并复习文献。结果2例发生在下肢末端的病程较长的渐进性肿块，术后局部复发。镜检：病变呈多结节状，边界不清；黏液样基质中见数量不等的各类炎细胞浸润，散在或灶性分布梭形、奇异形和多空泡状脂肪母细胞样3种形态的瘤细胞。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞Vim弥漫阳性，CD68和CD34灶性阳性，CK、SMA、HHF-35、S-100蛋白、CD45、CD45R0、CD15、CD30均阴性。结论此病病程较长，术后易局部复发，是一种低度恶性的肿瘤。鉴于病变黏液样基质及各类炎细胞浸润的背景较为突出，而特征性的瘤细胞稀疏，应注意与炎症性病变或具有相似组织形态的良性或恶性肿瘤鉴别。     

The reproducibility of test contractions for calibration of electromyographic measurements

Summary The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of electromyographic (EMG) measurements and specifically to test a calibration procedure with submaximal test contractions. Bipolar surface electrodes (20 mm fixed distance) were repositioned by a tracing sheet on both trapezius muscles, halfway between acromion and processus prominens. Submaximal test contractions were performed by keeping both arms straight abducted 90° and forward flexed 10° for 15-s periods. The arm position could be precisely reproduced in the frontal plane, but deviated forwards by 4° in the horizontal plane, where the sensitivity of the EMG response to arm position was lowest. The electrodes were repositioned within a radius of 3 mm with a probability of 90%. Large deviations in the EMG response were found within this radius and a significant depression of the EMG response was recorded over the middle part of the muscle (the innervation zone?). This change in sensitivity of the EMG response with electrode position occurred in parallel for the test and maximal contractions. The total coefficient of variation was estimated to be 23% for recurrent EMG measurements using the calibration procedure described.     

Effects of spontaneously chosen crank rate variations on electromyographic responses in sub-maximal arm exercise in inexperienced subjects

The aim of the present study was to compare electromyographic responses during arm exercises with a crank rate chosen spontaneously (T_S) or set at 20% below or above (T_–20, T₊₂₀) the spontaneously chosen crank rate (SCCR). Ten male physical education students performed arm exercises with intensities ranging from 20% to 80% of maximal power. Muscular activity levels were analysed for the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles using integrated rectified surface electromyography (iEMG). All values were presented as the mean and standard deviation. During T_S, the sum of iEMG for the two muscles studied was significantly (P<0.05) lower than during T₊₂₀ for each power output. No significant differences were observed in iEMG values between T_S and T_–20. The hypothesis that SCCR relates to a minimisation of muscle activation during an upper body exercise was not confirmed. Variations superior or inferior to a 20% increase of the iEMG responses do not influence it. Moreover, the selection of crank rates depends on the power output and the SCCR increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing power output.     

Ventilatory and upper-airway resistance responses to upper-airway cooling and CO2 in anaesthetised rats

The effects of upper airway (UA) cool air and CO₂ on breathing and on laryngeal and supraglottic resistances were studied in anaesthetised rats breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy. Warm, humidified air containing 0, 5 and 9–10% CO₂ and cool, room-humidity air were delivered at constant flow to either the isolated larynx to exit through a pharyngotomy or to the supraglottic UA to exit through the mouth and/or nose (nose open or sealed). Spontaneous tracheal airflow and UA airflows, temperatures and pressures were recorded. CO₂ had no effect on breathing but caused a slight increase in laryngeal resistance which was abolished by cutting the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN). Cool air caused a decrease in respiratory frequency and/or peak inspiratory flow when applied to the isolated larynx or to the supraglottic airway with the nose closed. These effects were abolished by SLN section. With the nose open, the ventilatory inhibition was not abolished by SLN section. Cool air also caused substantial decreases in laryngeal and supraglottic resistances which were attenuated by SLN section and which persisted following recurrent laryngeal nerve section. In conclusion, whilst UA cooling inhibits breathing and decreases UA resistances, UA CO₂ has minimal effects.     

互动式头针结合镜像疗法对脑卒中软瘫期上肢功能障碍的康复疗效

目的：探索脑卒中患者促进上肢运动功能恢复中头针与镜像疗法联合应用的临床价值。方法：选取株洲市中心医院2021年8月至2022年11月期间收治的60例脑卒中后上肢功能障碍患者,以随机分组的方式分为两组,每组30例。其中常规康复训练联合镜像治疗纳入对照组,在对照组基础上增加头针治疗纳入观察组。在治疗4周后,比较两组患者临床治疗有效性、Fugl–meyer运动功能评定量表（FMA）上肢部分评分以及Brunnstrom分期。结果：两组患者治疗后FMA评分均高于治疗前,且观察组患者治疗后FMA评分高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组患者治疗后上肢Brunnstrom运动功能分期结果优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（Z=–2.101,P <0.05）。观察组患者治疗后手Brunnstrom运动功能分期结果优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（Z=–2.152,P <0.05）。结论：在恢复早期,头针、镜像疗法与常规康复训练有效结合,对脑卒中患者软瘫期上肢运动功能恢复具有积极作用。     

血府逐瘀汤预防上肢皮瓣术后血管危象的临床研究

〔摘 要〕 目的：观察血府逐瘀汤预防上肢皮瓣术后血管危象的临床疗效。 方法：选取 2022 年 1 月至 2023 年 1 月就诊于 赣州市南康区第一人民医院的 60 例行上肢皮瓣转移术的患者,采用简单数字随机法分为观察组和对照组,各 30 例。术后 对照组患者常规应用 “ 三抗 ” 治疗,观察组患者在 “ 三抗 ” 的基础上加服血府逐瘀汤剂,比较两组患者术后皮瓣的血运情 况、总体疗效。 结果：术后 3 d、7 d,观察组患者皮瓣肿胀程度优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（Z 分别为 –2.28、–3.46, P ＜ 0.05）;术后 1 d、3 d、7 d,观察组患者毛细血管反应优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（Z 分别为 –6.89、–6.29、–7.35, P ＜ 0.05）;观察组患者疗效优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（Z = –3.44,P ＜ 0.05）。 结论：上肢皮瓣术后的患者在常 规 “ 三抗 ” 的基础上,加用血府逐瘀汤可有效减少血管危象的发生,提高皮瓣成活率。     

超声内镜与胃镜检查对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断效果分析

目的探讨超声内镜与胃镜对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断效果。方法选择2015年3月至2018年2月确诊的60例上消化道黏膜下肿瘤患者,均行胃镜检查和超声内镜检查,分析其与病理检查的符合率以及超声内镜检查的回声特点,并记录超声内镜检查的敏感性和特异性。结果以病理检查结果为标准,超声内镜检查的符合率为90.00%,明显高于胃镜检查的73.33%(P <0.05)。超声内镜检查对黏膜肌层肿瘤诊断的敏感性为90.32%,特异性为93.55%;对黏膜下层肿瘤诊断的敏感性为93.33%,特异性为93.75%;对固有肌层肿瘤诊断的敏感性为85.71%,特异性为97.87%。结论与胃镜检查相比,超声内镜在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤中的诊断价值更高,能够对病变的性质、部位及来源作出准确的诊断。     

糖尿病脑梗死合并上消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的　探讨糖尿病性脑梗死 (DCI)并发上消化道出血的可能危险因素。方法　对DCI合并上消化道出血患者进行临床分析及病例对照研究。结果　上消化道出血发生率为 18 75 % (9/ 48) ,经 t及 χ2 检验发现 :年龄 ,有TIA或CI史 ,血糖、血尿素氮或肌酐升高 ,CI面积 >2cm或多发性CI、ECG异常等因素与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。逐步回归显示上消化道出血与年龄、高血压、随机血糖、糖化血红蛋白、CI病灶面积>2cm或多发性CI呈正相关。结论　认为老年、高血压、高血糖、大面积及多发性CI可能是DCI合并上消化道出血的危险因素。     

高温高湿环境犬肢体火器伤细菌学定量观察

目的探讨高温高湿环境下火器伤弹道细菌定量变化及发生感染的时限,为这一特殊环境下火器伤软组织清创时 机、方法及抗生素的应用提供依据。方法将犬随机分为高温高湿（ＨＨＥ）组和常温常湿（ＮＥ）组,于火器伤后０、４、６、 ８、１２、２４ ｈ进行大体观察及细菌学定量变化的检测。结果伤肢肿胀、组织坏死和动物死亡时间,ＨＨＥ组均较ＮＥ组 严重和提前。细菌学定量检测ＨＨＥ组火器伤伤道细菌数在同一时间点比ＮＥ组高,随时间的延长呈显著增长趋势。 ＮＥ组１２ ｈ细菌数目可达引起感染的临界数值,而ＨＨＥ组８ ｈ时细菌数即达临界数值,较ＮＥ组明显提前。结论高 温高湿环境下火器伤后细菌繁殖快,感染时间提前且严重,强调及早、彻底的清创。