Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema

Summary Two mayor types of brain edema, related to two different pathomechanisms, can be recognized: 1)cytotoxic type-where the main feature is the swelling of cellular elements of brain parenchyma and 2)vasogenic type-where an increased vascular permeability leading to accumulation of edema fluid inthe extracellular spaces plays the principal role. In this type of edema, there is a close interrelationship between extravasation of serum proteins and retention of water in the brain tissue. In theischemic brain edema both cytotoxic and vasogenic mechanisms are involved. A biphasic opening of the blood-brain barrier, associated with vasogenic edema, is observed following release of major cerebral artery occlusion. The first opening of the barrier is related to a reactive hyperemia which follows promptly recirculation. The second opening, recognizable after a delay, is associated with a severe ischemic brain tissue injury.Dedicated to Prof. F. Seitelberger on the occasion of his seventieth birthday     

Focal vulnerability of developing brain: CT studies on disproportionally dilated lateral ventricles

Summary Cranial computed tomography (CT) of 108 cases with dilated lateral ventricles was reviewed to elucidate the relationship between focal vulnerability of developing brain and disproportional dilatation of lateral ventricles. CT findings of 108 cases with symmetrical dilatation of lateral ventricles were classified into three types by morphometry of lateral ventricles: anterior horn predominant type (31 cases), diffuse type (36 cases), posterior horn predominant type (41 cases). Posterior horn predominant type has a tendency to occur in congenital anomalies and premature brain damage, and anterior horn predominant type in infantile brain damage. This disproportional dilatation of anterior or posterior horns suggests a vulnerability of periventricular structure in developing brain.     

外伤性脑梗死的CT诊断

目的总结外伤性脑梗死的CT特征,探讨其发生机制,揭示其对疾病预后的判定价值。方法回顾性分析40例外伤性脑梗死患者头颅CT表现及相关临床资料。结果轻微外伤引起的脑梗死多发于儿童,好发部位为基底节内囊区,预后较好;重症外伤引起的脑梗死好发于成人,发病部位多见于颅内血肿同侧,且大脑后动脉支配区域最为多见,预后较差。结论CT扫描对外伤性脑梗死的诊断及预后判定有重要价值。     

脑源性神经生长因子和神经干细胞联合移植对大脑中动脉阻塞大鼠神经功能恢复的作用

目的 将脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)和神经干细胞(NSCs)单独及联合移植应用于大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAo)模型大鼠,观察BDNF和NSCs移植对大鼠缺血性脑卒中神经功能恢复的作用及BDNF对内源性和外源性NSCs增殖、迁移及分化的影响.方法 体外分离、培养新生大鼠海马NSCs,BrdU标记.实验动物随机分为A组(MCAo组);B组(MCAo+BDNF组);C组(MCAo+NSCs组);D组(MCAo+BDNF+NSCs组),每组16只,移植后进行神经功能损害评分(NSS),用免疫组织化学行BrdU、nestin、BrdU/NSE检测,分析结果.结果 移植后的2、4周神经功能评分分别为:A组5.3±0.5、5.3±0.5;B组4.0±0.8、3.8±0.5;C组3.5±0.6、3.5±0.6;D组2.0 ±0.8、1.8±1.0,D组显著好于其他3组(P<0.05),B组与c组显著好于A组(P<0.05).nes.tin阳性细胞数:A组1.24±1.13,B组2.59±1.44(P<0.05),BrdU阳性细胞数:A组0.52±0.68,B组1.65±1.10(P<0.05).BrdU阳性细胞数:C组6.08±1.52,D组10.26±1.96(P<0.05),BrdU/NSE双阳性细胞数:C组1.74±1.04,D组3.58±1.20(P<0.05).结论 BDNF和NSCs移植单独及联合应用对MCAo大鼠的神经功能恢复均有作用,两者联合具有协同作用.BDNF对内源性NSCs的激活、增殖有促进作用,对外源性NSCs的增殖、迁移及分化有促进作用.     

动脉血质子自旋标记与动态磁敏感对比MRI在急性脑缺血患者中的应用价值

目的对比研究动脉血质子自旋标记（ASL）与动态磁敏感对比（DSC）MRI在急性脑缺血诊断中的应用价值。方法27例发病3d内的急性脑卒中患者，均采用3．0TMR行脉冲式ASL和DSCMR检查。观察2种技术的灌注表现，包括灌注不足、正常灌注、延迟灌注、过度灌注等，采用Mann—Whitney检验做定性分析。在扩散加权成像显示的病变部位及对侧正常半球的镜像区域分别确定3个感兴趣区（ROI），测量信号强度并计算信号强度比（病侧／对照侧），并将结果做配对t检验。结果定性分析显示27例患者中，2l例2种技术检查结果一致（灌注不足14例，正常灌注5例，过度灌注2例）。6例2种技术不一致，其中4例ASL显示灌注不足而DSC显示延迟灌注，2例ASL显示正常灌注而DSC显示延迟灌注，两者间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。定量分析示，2种技术的病侧与对照侧信号强度比值ASL为0．7l±0．46，DSC为0．73±0．42，两者间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论无创性ASL技术在检测灌注异常时与DSCMRI有相似的敏感性；ASL可与常规MR检查相结合，为临床诊断急性缺血性卒中提供有价值的信息。     

下腔静脉损伤的救治经验：附12例报告

目的: 探讨下腔静脉损伤的修复方法。方法:对12例下腔静脉损伤患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:闭合性损伤9例，开放性损伤3例。入院时均伴有休克。均诊断为腹腔内脏损伤，无1例诊断为下腔静脉损伤。12例均手术治疗，直视下修复5例，大网膜填塞后肝实质大块褥式缝合2例，纱布填塞5例。术后并发症7例（58.3%）：胆漏1例，隔下脓肿合并反应性右侧胸腔积液2例，创伤性肝囊肿1例，腔静脉血栓形成1例，大出血2例；死亡3例，病死率25.0%。 结论:腔静脉损伤病情凶险，处理困难，病死率高，改良的全肝血流阻断下行纱布填塞止血效果好，抢救成功率高，值得推广。     

Multiple pilocytic astrocytomas of the cerebellum in a 17-year-old patient with neurofibromatosis type I

Objective Approximately 10% of patients with neurofibromatosis I (NFI) patients will have central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The most common of these are hypothalamic–optic gliomas, followed by brainstem and cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas. While isolated pilocytic astrocytomas in NFI are well described, the appearance of multiple pilocytic astrocytomas in an individual patient is less common. The most frequent combination in NFI patients with more than one pilocytic astrocytoma is optic tract/hypothalamic and brainstem. Other combinations are exceedingly rare; multiple pilocytic astrocytomas have only been reported once in the cerebral hemispheres in a patient with NFI. This report presents the first documented case, to our knowledge, of multiple pilocytic astrocytomas in the cerebellum of a patient with NF1. Methods Case report. Conclusion The finding of multiple cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas in a patient with NF1 is important because it expands the spectrum of presentations for patients with NF1 and also highlights specific diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced by the treating physicians. The genetic and molecular basis of NF1 is reviewed. Strategies of diagnosis and treatment outlined here are relevant to both patients with NF1 and all patients with multiple posterior fossa tumors.