The Safety and Efficacy of Approaches to Liver Resection: A Meta-Analysis

Background:The aim of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of conventional laparotomy with those of robotic and laparoscopic approaches to hepatectomy.Database:Independent reviewers conducted a systematic review of publications in PubMed and Embase, with searches limited to comparative articles of laparoscopic hepatectomy with either conventional or robotic liver approaches. Outcomes included total operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospitalization, resection margins, postoperative complications, perioperative mortality rates, and cost measures. Outcome comparisons were calculated using random-effects models to pool estimates of mean net differences or of the relative risk between group outcomes. Forty-nine articles, representing 3702 patients, comprise this analysis: 1901 (51.35%) underwent a laparoscopic approach, 1741 (47.03%) underwent an open approach, and 60 (1.62%) underwent a robotic approach. There was no difference in total operative times, surgical margins, or perioperative mortality rates among groups. Across all outcome measures, laparoscopic and robotic approaches showed no difference. As compared with the minimally invasive groups, patients undergoing laparotomy had a greater estimated blood loss (pooled mean net change, 152.0 mL; 95% confidence interval, 103.3–200.8 mL), a longer length of hospital stay (pooled mean difference, 2.22 days; 95% confidence interval, 1.78–2.66 days), and a higher total complication rate (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.57).Conclusion:Minimally invasive approaches to liver resection are as safe as conventional laparotomy, affording less estimated blood loss, shorter lengths of hospitalization, lower perioperative complication rates, and equitable oncologic integrity and postoperative mortality rates. There was no proven advantage of robotic approaches compared with laparoscopic approaches.     

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Gastric Cancer Treatment: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Minimally invasive surgery, which has been extensively used to treat gastric adenocarcinoma, is now regarded as one of the standard treatments for early gastric cancer, and its suitability for advanced gastric cancer is being investigated. The use of cutting-edge techniques for minimally invasive surgery enables surgeons to deliver various treatment options to minimize a patient''s distress and to maintain oncologic safety. Ongoing multicenter prospective studies aim to validate the efficacy of these surgical techniques and to expand the indications of minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize the current status and issues regarding minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer.     

Perioperative outcomes after totally robotic gastric bypass: a prospective nonrandomized controlled study

Background

Perioperative short-term outcomes could be improved after totally robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (TR-RYGBP) compared with conventional laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Methods

This is a nonrandomized controlled prospective study (N = 200) to evaluate perioperative short-term outcomes. The primary endpoint was to investigate risk factors for 30-day surgical complications.

Results

Mean total operative time was shorter in patients who underwent TR-RYGBP (130 vs 147 minutes; P < .0001). However, postoperative surgical complications rate (13% vs 1%; P = .001), and mean overall hospital stay (9.3 vs 6.7 days; P < .0001) were higher after TR-RYGBP. By multivariate analysis, robotic surgery (hazard ratio [HR] = 15.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8 to 280; P = .01), and conversion to laparotomy (HR = 18.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 250.8; P = .014) were independent risk factors for 30-day surgical complications.

Conclusions

Although robotic gastric bypass reduces mean operative time, TR-RYGBP is associated with an increased postoperative surgical complications rate and longer hospitalization.     

微创胰体尾切除术——机器人手术系统的优势

目的 探讨机器人手术方式在胰体尾切除术上的可行性、安全性、适应证以及与腹腔镜相比优劣势.方法 回顾性分析自2005年9月到2012年4月完成的微创胰体尾切除术51例,根据手术方式分为机器人手术组(RDP组,n=21)与腹腔镜手术(LDP组,n=30),比较两组术中情况(包括手术时间、术中出血量、输血量等)与术后恢复情况(包括术后住院天数、并发症发生率、保脾率等),并进行对比分析.结果 RDP组中转开腹l例,中转率4.76％(1/21).与LDP组相比,RDP组良性肿瘤保脾率较高(61.5％比25.0％,x2=4.786,P=0.039),淋巴结清扫程度也较LDP组彻底(4.14±2.73枚比1.33±1.21枚,t=2.203,P=0.041).结论 胰体尾肿瘤采用机器人胰体尾切除术是安全可行的.对于保脾胰体尾切除术及标准胰体尾癌根治术,机器人手术系统是有其优势的.     

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy: Description of an Evolved Approach to Radical Cystectomy

Background

Although open radical cystectomy (ORC) remains the gold standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) continues to gain wider acceptance. In this article, we focus on the steps of RARC, describing our approach, which has been developed over the past 10 yr. Totally intracorporeal RARC aims to offer the benefits of a complete minimally invasive approach while replicating the oncologic outcomes of open surgery.

Objective

We report our outcomes of a totally intracorporeal RARC procedure, describing step by step our technique and highlighting the variations on this standard template of nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches in men and women.

Design, setting, and participants

Between December 2003 and October 2012, a total of 113 patients (94 male and 19 female) underwent totally intracorporeal RARC.

Surgical procedure

We performed RARC, extended pelvic lymph node dissection, and a totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (UD) in all patients. In the accompanying video, we focus on the standard template for RARC, also describing nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Complications and oncologic outcomes are reported, including overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results and limitations

RARC with intracorporeal UD was performed in 113 patients. Mean age was 64 yr (range: 37–84). Forty-three patients underwent intracorporeal ileal conduit, and 70 had intracorporeal neobladder. On surgical pathology, 48% of patients had ≤pT1 disease, 27% had pT2 disease, 13% had pT3 disease, and 12% had pT4 disease. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 21 (range: 0–57). Twenty percent of patients had lymph node–positive disease. Positive surgical margins occurred in six cases (5.3%). Median follow-up was 25 mo (range: 3–107). We recorded a total of 70 early complications (0–30 d) in 54 patients (47.8%), with 37 patients (32.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. Thirty-six late complications (>30 d) were recorded in 30 patients (26.5%), with 20 patients (17.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. One patient (0.9%) died within 90 days of operation from pulmonary embolism. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, CSS was 81% at 3 yr and 67% at 5 yr.

Conclusions

Our structured approach to RARC has enabled us to develop this complex service while maintaining patient outcomes and complication rates comparable with ORC series. Our results demonstrate acceptable oncologic outcomes and encouraging long-term CSS rates.     

Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy for the Management of Severe Endometriosis: A Retrospective Review of Short-Term Surgical Outcomes

Objectives:

The primary objective was to examine the safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted laparoscopy in a cohort of women treated surgically for stage III and IV endometriosis. The secondary objective was to explore whether the stage of endometriosis affected surgical outcome.

Methods:

In this cohort study, 43 women with severe endometriosis were treated with robot-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy with unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for stage III (n = 19) or stage IV (n = 24) disease.

Results:

Histopathologic evaluation confirmed endometriosis in all patients, and fibroids were also shown in 12 patients. The median actual operative time was 145 min (range, 67–325 min), and the median blood loss was 100 mL (range, 20–400 mL). All but one of the procedures were completed successfully robotically. The length of hospital stay was 1 d for 95% of patients (41 of 43), and 2 patients had prolonged stays of 4 d and 5 d, respectively. One patient was readmitted for a vaginal cuff abscess; this represented the only complication identified in this series.

Conclusions:

Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery appears to be a reasonably safe and feasible method for the definitive surgical management of women with severe endometriosis.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术130例

目的 评估da Vinci S机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术（RARP）的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾分析2009年7月至2013年9月,复旦大学附属中山医院应用da Vinci S手术系统（da Vinci Intuitive Surgical Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA.）完成RARP术130例的情况.年龄48～76岁,平均（67±6）岁;PSA水平为2.16～ 78.20 ng/ml,平均（26.05±8.41）ng/ml;Gleason评分6～10;肿瘤临床分期均为局限性前列腺癌.结果 130例均经腹腔途径,采用机器人3臂或4臂,5～6枚troc ar完成RARP,无机器人机械故障或其他原因导致的术式改变.术前机器人准备时间20 ～ 90 min,平均（48.5±15.4） min;手术时间90 ～ 300 min,平均（143.6±22.9） min;术中出血量50 ～ 600 ml,平均（158.2±59.6） ml,2例（1.5％）术后输血400ml.术后2～3d下床活动,平均（2.2±0.6）d;术后住院5～21d,平均（6.6±1.9）d;4～21d拔除导尿管,平均（6.1±2.0）d.术后主要并发症包括：漏尿6例（4.6％）,漏尿于术后3～15d停止.术后淋巴瘘8例（6.2％）,术后2～3周停止,未发现淋巴囊肿.术后下肢静脉栓塞、肺栓塞和附睾炎各1例,治疗后好转.术后病理切缘阳性12例（9.2％）,精囊见癌侵犯10例（7.7％）,闭孔淋巴结转移4例（3.1％）.术后1～12个月复查PSA均＜ 0.2 ng/ml,术后6个月和1年完全控尿率达86％和95％.结论RARP安全、可靠,具有出血更少、恢复更快等优势,是根治性前列腺切除术的首选方式.     

尿道"管状"保留及重建技术在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术中的应用

目的 探讨尿道"管状"保留及重建技术在机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术(RALRP)中应用的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析由单一术者(张旭)于2014年10月至2014年12月施行57例采用该技术的RALRP.对比围手术期资料以及术后随访情况.结果 57例患者均手术成功.平均手术操作时间147.4min.平均出血量114.8mL.术后拔除引流管平均时间5d,术后通气平均时间2d,术后患者平均住院时间7d.病理报告提示前列腺底部切缘阳性1例,前列腺尖部切缘阳性2例.随访手术后三个月有1例患者发生尿失禁.结论 尿道"管状"保留及重建技术用于机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术中的安全性好,能更好的保留膀胱颈口,有利于膀胱和尿道的重建,降低了患者术后尿失禁的发生率.     

国产机器人妙手S系统远程手术实验研究

目的验证国产手术机器人妙手S系统远程手术的安全性和稳定性。方法将国产手术机器人妙手S系统的主从手分开,主手放置在天津大学机械工程学院机器人实验室,从手放置在北京第二炮兵总医院(现火箭军总医院)机器人外科实验室。在天津操作手术机器人主手,通过因特网远程控制北京的机器人臂(从手)进行远程猪胆囊切除、胃穿孔修补、肝脏楔形切除术。检测机器人远程进行切除、缝合、打结、止血等操作的安全性和稳定性。天津至北京距离118 km。结果本次动物(猪)实验完成远程胆囊切除、胃穿孔修补、肝脏楔形切除术,为国内首次动物腹部外科远程手术成功案例。胆囊切除手术时间为50 min,出血5 nl;胃穿孔修补手术时间为20 min,出血0 ml;肝脏楔形切除手术为30 min,出血15 ml。顺行法切除胆囊,先解剖胆囊三角,显露出胆囊管、胆囊动脉和胆总管,离断胆囊管后,顺行剥离胆囊浆膜,注意避免损伤肝脏及右肝管、右肝动脉。胃穿孔修补采用2-0慕丝线行全层间断缝合术,共缝合3针。肝脏楔形切除肝叶边缘大小约2 cm×1cm肝组织。术中无周围脏器损伤等并发症。手术过程有延时效应,延时平均小于250 ms,机器人手术系统无明显抖动等不良状况,实验顺利完成。结论国产手术机器人妙手S系统具有良好的安全性和稳定性,可顺利完成腹部外科远程手术。