后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(附83例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的效果和安全性. 方法 2003年3月～2006年7月,我院采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗83例上尿路移行细胞癌.经尿道袖状电切患侧输尿管口周围1.5 cm范围膀胱壁达膀胱外脂肪组织,采用后腹腔镜切除肾及全长输尿管.术后留置导尿管7 d.11例术后辅助放疗. 结果 83例手术均成功.手术时间115～205 min,平均156 min.术中出血50～150 ml,平均80 ml.无术中并发症.术后住院7～11 d,平均8.5 d.病理报告：82例上尿路移行细胞癌,1例肾盂上皮中～重度不典型增生.术后随访3～38个月,平均10.8月.术后12个月内行膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤6例,其中5例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切,1例行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切术、左侧输尿管皮肤造口术.2例肾盂肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT2 G3）于术后3个月肝转移.2例输尿管中段肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT3 G2～3）术后6个月原位复发并肺转移.1例输尿管下段肿瘤（pT3 G3）术后6个月骨转移.失访1例.其余71例均未发现肿瘤复发、切口转移及远处转移. 结论 对于上尿路移行细胞癌,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜行肾、输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除具有创伤小、安全、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

A ‘Weight‐Listing’ Paradox for Candidates of Renal Transplantation?

Research suggests that end-stage renal disease patients with elevated body mass index (BMI) have superior outcomes on dialysis. In contrast, low and high BMI patients represent the highest risk cohorts for kidney transplant recipients. The important question remains concerning how to manage transplant candidates given the potentially incommensurate impact of BMI by treatment modality. We conducted a retrospective analysis of waitlisted and transplanted patients in the United States from 1990 to 2003. We constructed Cox models to evaluate the effect of BMI on mortality of waitlisted candidates and identified risk factors for rapid weight change. We then assessed the impact of weight change during waitlisting on transplant outcomes. Decline in BMI on the waiting list was not protective for posttransplant mortality or graft loss across BMI strata. Substantial weight loss pretransplantation was associated with rapid gain posttransplantation. The highest risk for death was among listed patients with low BMI (13-20 kg/m(2), adjusted hazard ratio = 1.47, p < 0.01). Approximately one-third of candidates had a change in BMI category prior to transplantation. While observed declines in BMI may be volitional or markers of disease processes, there is no evidence that candidates have improved transplant outcomes attributable to weight loss. Prospective trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of weight loss protocols for candidates of kidney transplantation.     

Peritoneal dialysis patient survival: a comparison between a Swedish and a Korean centre.

BACKGROUND: Dialysis patient mortality remains high, and this high mortality may be due to many factors. In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, old age, co-morbid diseases, malnutrition, low residual renal function (RRF) and a high peritoneal transport rate have been shown to influence survival, but the relative importance of these factors may differ between different patient populations. Besides, centre practice patterns may differ between centres and may influence patient survival. In addition, the literature suggests that dialysis patient survival may be better in Asian than in Caucasian patients. METHODS: The influence of centre and patient characteristics on patient survival was investigated in 132 Korean and 106 Swedish incident PD patients, who underwent initial biochemical measurements and assessment of adequacy of dialysis, nutritional status, RRF and peritoneal transport characteristics. RESULTS: At the start of PD, Korean patients had a higher prevalence of diabetes, peritoneal Kt/V(urea), peritoneal creatinine clearance and peritoneal fluid removal, and lower body mass index, RRF and dialysate to plasma creatinine concentration ratio (D/P Cr) compared with Swedish patients. Significantly more patients from Korea were placed on temporary haemodialysis before PD (100 out of 132) when compared with Swedish patients (21 out of 106). During the follow-up, there was a significantly higher rate of transfer to other units in Korea and a significantly higher rate of kidney transplantation in Sweden. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, overall patient survival did not differ and relative risk for death was also not different between the two centres even after adjustment for age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, RRF and D/P Cr. On Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, RRF and D/P Cr were found to be independent predictors of mortality in the combined cohort of patients. While age, diabetes and D/P Cr were independent predictors of mortality in Korean patients, age and RRF independently predicted mortality in Swedish patients. CONCLUSION: Although there were significant differences in centre and patient characteristics, we were unable to confirm a survival advantage for Korean over Swedish PD patients. The results of this study suggest that the reported difference in survival between Asian and Caucasian dialysis patients may have been due, in part, to differences in centre and patient characteristics rather than to race as such. The genetic influence on patient characteristics remains, however, to be elucidated.     

重组大鼠肝再生增强因子对急性肾衰竭大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨重组大鼠肝再生增强因子(rrALR)对庆大霉素所致急性肾衰竭（ARF）大鼠肾小管上皮细胞及肾功能的保护作用。 方法 雌性Wistar大鼠150只，随机分成5组，每组30只，即健康对照组，ARF模型组，模型+空质粒对照组（空质粒组），模型+rrALR干预组（ALR组）：根据给予rrALR的剂量不同分为ALR1组和ALR2组两个亚组。分别于实验的第4、8、12、16和21天每组随机抽取6只大鼠在留取血、尿标本后，处死大鼠并取肾组织标本。常规生化方法检测各组大鼠BUN、Scr和尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）酶的变化；PAS染色观察各组大鼠肾组织病理学改变；免疫组化法检测大鼠肾组织中ALR和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达；Western印迹法检测肾组织中ALR蛋白的表达量。 结果 ARF大鼠各组BUN、Scr及尿NAG酶水平在第4、8、12、16天时均较对照组显著升高（P < 0.05）。与模型组和空质粒组相比，ALR组BUN、Scr及尿NAG酶水平明显降低（P < 0.05）；肾组织病理损害程度在各时间点明显减轻；而肾组织的ALR蛋白表达增加（P < 0.05）；肾小管上皮细胞增殖活跃；PCNA阳性细胞呈弥漫性分布，增殖指数（PI）明显升高（P < 0.05）。 结论 rrALR对急性损伤的肾小管上皮细胞具有减轻病变和促进再生修复的作用，可明显改善ARF大鼠的肾功能。     

中药肾区渗透并常规治疗高血压性肾损害40例疗效观察

目的：观察中药肾区皮肤外敷渗透加西药常规治疗高血压肾损害结果。方法：将部分中药粉碎微细化处理，将另部分中药液化处理．粉液混合装袋醋浸后外敷在肾区皮肤上，用药物导入仪肾区靶点式导人人体。并用一般西医常规治疗。结果：平均治疗3周血肌酐下降23％，BUN下降26％，24h蛋白尿下降23％，尿量增加16％，收缩压下降9％，舒张压下降7％。结论：中药的肾区皮肤外敷渗透加西医常规治疗效果明显高于一般常规治疗。     

后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的临床疗效观察(附5例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的操作要点及临床价值。方法：采用后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾肿瘤5例，其中肾癌3例，肾错钩瘤2例，瘤体直径1．5～4．0cm。具体方法是：①暴露瘤体和肾动脉；②采用硅胶管牵拉肾动脉，必要时可暂时阻断肾动脉；③于瘤体1cm正常肾组织处用电钩切除瘤体；④采用生物蛋白胶、止血纱布缝合加压处理创面出血。结果：手术均获成功。手术时间150～210min，术中出血80～350ml。术后1～2天肠道功能恢复并可床上活动，1～4天可下床活动。术后住院5～9天，平均7天。结论：后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术具有创伤小、康复快、安全、住院时间短等优点；对外生性生长、直径小于4cm瘤体，该法可作为首选手术方法。     

L-精氨酸对胰腺炎相关性腹水诱导肾损伤的保护作用

目的 通过观察胰腺炎相关性腹水(PAAF)对正常肾脏的影响及L-精氨酸(L-arg)对其的作用,探讨重症急性胰腺炎时急性肾损伤的发病机制.方法 60只SD大鼠制成重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)模型并收集其腹水备用;60只SD大鼠制成消化道穿孔性腹膜炎(DPP)模型并收集其腹水(DAF)备用;将两组腹水分别注射至正常大鼠腹腔内诱导肾损伤以此建立PAAF组及DAF组;并观察L-精氨酸的作用.观察各组术后12 h的肾功能、血淀粉酶及病理学变化,同时检测肾细胞凋亡及诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达情况.结果 血清BUN、Cr,PAAF组＞DAF组＞Larg组＞NS组;Amyl,DAF组＞PAAF组＞L-arg组＞NS组;但均低于SAP组;而血清NO及组织中iNOS的表达,NS组＜PAAF组＜DAF组＜SAP组＜L-arg组;肾细胞凋亡率及病理学改变,SAP组＞PAAF组＞DAF组＞L-arg组＞NS组.结论 PAAF可以诱导正常大鼠的肾细胞凋亡引起肾损伤,且该作用可以被小剂量的L-arg阻断.     

慢性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征心肌损伤肾功能不全与病情严重程度的关系

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)患者心肌损伤、肾功能不全患病率其及与OSAHS病情严重程度的关系。方法:回顾性收集98例OSAHS患者的临床资料,并设立正常健康对照组40例,根据患者呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2m in)的水平将OSAHS患者分成轻度、中度、重度组。计算各组心肌损伤、肾功能不全患病率,探讨血清脂蛋白Lp(a)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)及肌酐(Cr)水平的变化及与OSAHS病情严重程度的相关性。结果:OSAHS与对照组相比,Lp(a)、CTnI和Cr水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);随着OSAHS病情严重程度分级的升高,血清脂蛋白(a)、心肌肌钙蛋白I及Cr浓度在升高,且三组间有统计学差别(P<0.01);OSAHS心肌损伤、肾功能不全的患病率分别为51.02%、24.48%,并且随着OSAHS病情严重程度分级的升高,心肌损伤、肾功能不全患病率也在升高。结论:随着OSAHS病情严重程度分级的升高,Lp(a)、CTnI和Cr水平在升高,心肌损伤、肾功能不全患病率也在升高,提示OSAHS患者中心肌损伤、肾功能不全较常见,Lp(a)、CTnI和Cr可以作为OSAHS病情严重程度的评价指标之一。     

低能级体外冲击波碎石治疗肾鹿角形结石

目的探讨低能级体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithortripsy,ESWL)治疗肾鹿角形结石的效果. 方法对18例鹿角形结石进行体外冲击波治疗.碎石能级1～3级,冲击次数1 800～3 000次,脉冲间隔60 ～80次/min,工作电压10～12.75 kV. 若结石直径>3 cm,在碎石前预先插入双J管,防止石街形成.对直径>4 mm的残余结石,再次行ESWL,直至结石完全消失. 结果所有病人耐受良好,治疗结束能自行回家.除1例碎石失败外,余17例经ESWL治疗成功.治疗3～9次,至完全排除结石.66例次(66/77,85.7%)术后有1～2次肉眼血尿.5例出现石街,长1.9～5.2 cm,4例石街经再次碎石成功,1例输尿管镜取石. 结论低能级ESWL治疗肾鹿角形结石是一种安全、有效的方法.     

Sequential bilateral minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy in dialysis patients with bilateral renal cell carcinomas

Since 1998, we have performed minimum incision endoscopic surgery (MIES) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). For seven dialysis patients with bilateral RCC, we have performed sequential bilateral MIES radical nephrectomy. It was carried out by retroperitoneal approach through a single minimum incision that narrowly permitted extraction of the specimen using endoscopy and direct stereovision, without trocar ports, without gas insufflation and without the insertion of the hands of operators into the operative field. Although six of the seven patients had multiple complications in addition to chronic renal failure (CRF), bilateral kidneys were successfully removed by sequential MIES radical nephrectomy without major operative complication. Postoperative recovery was prompt with all patients resuming oral feeding and walking by the second postoperative day. Sequential bilateral MIES radical nephrectomy, leaving the peritoneal cavity intact and without imposing circulatory stress caused by gas insufflation, is a feasible treatment for bilateral RCCs in dialysis patients.