第一产程胎心监护异常相关因素分析

目的:探讨第一产程异常胎心监护图形,熟练地识别胎心监护图,正确地指导产程中的处理,减少围产儿的病残率和死亡率。方法:回顾性分析126例第一产程胎心监护异常的相关因素。结果:第一产程胎心监护异常为综合因素所致,胎儿高危因素为91.27%,母体高危因素为65.87%,产程处理因素为42.06%。结论:第一产程胎心监护异常主要与胎儿因素、母体因素有关,提高产前检查质量、加强产程监护、正确选择分娩方式极为重要。     

The production economics of nursing: a discussion paper

Nursing is numerically the largest health profession providing direct care, and this, plus the imperative for effective cost control, makes their costs and impact a legitimate study focus and policy target. Production theory techniques can help nurse executives maximize outcome and minimize costs, yet little of such evidence currently exists in mainstream nursing workforce research. The balance of available evidence supports an inverse association between nurse staffing levels and adverse outcomes. However, 'adequate' staffing levels may be perceived as expensive and some providers may try to reduce them. The response, in some US and Australian states, is legislation to force hospitals to implement mandatory minimum patient-to-nurse (P/N) ratios. In this paper, existing data from Aiken et al. [2003. Education levels of hospital nurses and patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association 290, 1617-1623] is re-interpreted using production theory, to illustrate the possible relationship between two key workforce variables "Staff Level" and "Staff Mix", and clinical outcome, and show how this informs decision making. Consistent with other studies, this suggests that diminishing returns to each variable exist. This preliminary analysis suggests that increasing the number of graduate RNs in the workforce might be the most cost-effective way to expand the nursing workforce. However, more detailed and rigorous research is needed to estimate speciality specific cost and production functions and compute the optimal solution. This can predict the most cost-effective staff combination for a set outcome, or the set of inputs yielding best outcome for a given budget. With this, nurse executives can systematically maintain service quality or safety in the most economical way.     

我国农村垃圾产生量及垃圾收集处理现状

目的了解我国农村不同类型的垃圾产生量及垃圾的收集处理方式,为制定垃圾分类、收集和处理提供基础数据。方法于2006—2007年开展全国农村饮用水与环境卫生调查,采用随机抽样的方法抽取调查点,对调查村领导进行问卷调查,数据资料使用SAS8.2统计软件进行统计分析。结果农村人均日生活性垃圾量为0.86kg,生活垃圾以收集方式堆放的占63.28%;收集堆放的生活性垃圾以填埋方式处理的占57.03%;农村人均日生产性垃圾量为2.03kg,生产垃圾以收集方式堆放的占83.44%;生产性垃圾中养殖业垃圾占44.11%,秸杆杂草垃圾占33.36%;收集堆放的生产性垃圾以直接再利用方式处理的占46.31%,以高温堆肥方式处理的占26.29%。结论随意堆放的生活性和生产性垃圾影响农村居民的生活环境;收集堆放的垃圾因类型不同而采取不同的处理方式,垃圾分类对垃圾处理至关重要。     

遗传印记基因PEG 10转基因小鼠的建立及其皮下移植瘤生长和转移的变化

目的 建立PEG10转基因小鼠模型,研究PEG10对小鼠皮下移植瘤的生长和转移的影响. 方法 PCR阳性转基因鼠经RT-PCR、Western blot鉴定后,皮下注射H22细胞,连续测量肿瘤体积.12 d后取肿瘤和肝脏组织进行HE染色,肝脏组织进行SP染色,检测PEG10蛋白的表达.计量资料采用独立样本的f检验.结果 阳性首建鼠的肝脏中枪测到目的 基因和蛋白的表达.转皋因小鼠皮卜瘤的体积(4.08、4.23 cm3)及质量(6.89、6.48 g)均显著高于野生昔小鼠(1.61 cm3及1.63 g,P<0.05),均向周围组织侵袭并出现肝转移,肝脏中检测到PEG10蛋白;野生型小鼠的肿瘤组织有包膜,未出现肝转移. 结论构建的PEG10转基因小鼠模型可促进皮卜移植瘤的生长、侵袭和转移.     

非无菌原料药生产设备的清洁验证

本文主要对非无菌原料药生产设备清洁验证进行了总述，包括清洁验证的定义、开发、准备、实施及再验证等，为非无菌原料药生产设备清洁验证初学者提供参考。     

Issues concerning optimization of non-conventional parameters in manufacturing

There are several parameters regarding the manufacture of an item such as machine setup cost, carrying cost, demand and production rate etc. Traditionally, manufacturing batch size or production cycle time is optimized after formulation of the total relevant cost. A discussion is made in the present paper concerning variation of non-conventional parameters such as production rate, on the basis of available literature. Implications related to variation of demand of an item are also mentioned. Focus is on discussion and formulation of the problem. Complete solution methods are not provided. However various available non-linear programming methods may be applied such as univariate method, penalty function method etc. in addition to classical optimization technique.     

An optimised protocol for the production of autologous serum eyedrops

Background Serum eyedrops have been successfully used in the treatment of severe dry eye, persistent epithelial defects and other severe ocular surface disorders. A number of clinical studies showed a variable efficacy of this approach, but the parameters for the production of this blood product varied significantly. In order to establish an optimised protocol for the production of serum eyedrops, we examined the effect of various clotting times, centrifugation forces, types of diluent and dilutions on the concentration of growth factors, fibronectin, and vitamins in serum and tested the epitheliotrophic capacity of these serum modifications in a cell culture model of human SV-40-immortalised corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T).Methods Serum samples were prepared with a clotting time of 20, 60 or 120 min, a centrifugation force of 500×g or 3,000×g, and diluted with BSS or isotonic saline. The concentrations of EGF, TGF-1, PDGF-AB, FGF, HGF, fibronectin, vitamin A and vitamin E in these samples were evaluated with ELISA and HPLC. HCE-T cells were incubated for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 h with 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125% serum in diluent, and cell proliferation, migration and differentiation were evaluated by means of a luminescence-based ATP assay, a colony-dispersion assay and scanning electron microscopy.Results Using a longer clotting time resulted in an increased concentration of all the epitheliotrophic factors examined in serum; the diffference was statistically significant for EGF, TGF-1 and HGF. Increasing the g force of centrifugation from 500×g to 3,000×g resulted in significantly less TGF-1, but more EGF and vitamin A. Cell proliferation was better supported by serum prepared with 3,000×g and diluted with BSS. Serum prepared with a longer clotting time yielded better cell migration and differentiation.Conclusion Clotting time, centrifugation and diluents have a significant impact on the composition and epitheliotrophic effects of serum. A long clotting time (120 min), a sharp centrifugation (3,000×g for 15 min) and dilution with BSS improve the ability of serum eyedrops to support proliferation, migration and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells.     

建立高职药学专业生产实习新模式的探索与实践

“实践性强”是药学专业的一大特点，坚持以就业为导向，从调整教学计划入手，建立健全实习考核评价机制、校企合作、实习带教制度等，对高职药学专业生产实习新模式进行有益的探索与实践，使学生在实习中增加实践知识，不断提高应用知识的能力，培养高素质的应用型、创新型药学专业技术人才。     

我国解热镇痛药产销分析

目的了解我国解热镇痛药产销现状及发展趋势。方法对我国解热镇痛药的生产及销售状况进行全面分析。结果与结论我国解热镇痛药生产基础较好,并已成为全世界解热镇痛药的头号产销大国,预计今后其国内、外市场仍有一定的发展空间。应在密切关注市场变化的同时,逐步完善自身条件,以求进一步发展。     

由齐齐哈尔第二制药“亮菌甲素事件”引发的思考

目的:探讨齐齐哈尔第二制药“亮菌甲素事件”带给我们的思考。方法:从齐齐哈尔第二制药“亮菌甲素事件”出发,分析当前我国药品生产、管理过程中存在的问题,寻找根源。结果与结论:制药企业应重视其社会责任,药品的监督管理不能缺位,应从该事件中吸取教训,从药品生产质量、注册审批、流通秩序、药品不良反应报告等全方位实施有效管理,才能防止类似事件再度发生。