影响肺功能主要因素的系统回顾

肺功能是目前临床上常见的检查指标之一，不仅可以直观地评估病人的呼吸功能，还有助于对肺部疾病进行诊断。影响肺功能的因素多样，随着对相关领域知识的扩展，学者们认识到性别、年龄、身高、体质量、体位、种族均对肺功能产生了一定影响。考虑到目前对影响肺功能因素系统回顾的文献较少，因此该综述旨在对影响肺功能的主要因素进行系统回顾，有助于临床医师能更好地了解这些因素具体如何对肺功能产生影响。     

Study on esophageal cancer radiotherapy dosimetry and position verification for volumetric modulated arc therapy

BackgroundThis study analyzed the respective advantages and disadvantages by comparing volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on the dose distribution and position verification distribution characteristics in esophageal cancer radiotherapy, in order to provide the reference for the clinical radiotherapy technology optimization of esophageal cancer.MethodsA total of 56 cases of patients with esophageal cancer were selected and applied to the Pinnacle three-dimensional radiation treatment planning system (TPS), in order to design a VMAT plan and IMRT plan under the guidance of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The dosimetry and position verification difference were compared between the two groups.ResultsRevealed that the target dose distribution of the VMAT plan and IMRT plan meets the requirements in clinical dosimetry for all 56 patients in this study. Under the premise of similar target coverage, the conformal index (CI) of the VMAT plan, homogeneity index (HI), target volume, BODY-PTV radiated volume and spinal cord D_max, bilateral lung V5, V20 and mean lung dose (MLD), monitor unit (MU) and treatment time (TT), as well as position verification and others, were obviously superior to those in the IMRT plan; and the difference was statistically significant.ConclusionCBCT guided VMAT is a potential effective treatment for esophageal cancer and may be more effective and safer than IMRT.     

脑卒中患者踝关节本体感觉的差异性研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者在不同本体感觉测试下踝关节振动觉、位置觉及运动觉的差异。方法选取存在本体感觉障碍的脑卒中患者28例(患者组)和健康志愿者22例(正常组), 其中患者组按照卒中侧别, 分为右侧脑卒中组(10例)和左侧脑卒中组(18组)。对患者组的健侧及患侧、正常组的优势侧及非优势侧, 先后进行振动觉阈值测试、被动关节角度重置测试、主动关节角度重置测试、运动最小阈值测试, 分析并比较健康志愿者与脑卒中患者之间、脑卒中患者患侧与健侧之间、左侧脑卒中患者与右侧脑卒中患者之间的本体感觉差异。结果患者组患侧振动觉阈值[(28.91±22.53)μm], 跖屈15°[(5.49±5.39)°]和背伸5°[(4.48±3.89)°]的被动位置觉绝对差值, 跖屈15°[(5.23±4.34)°]、跖屈30°[(3.26±1.73)°]和背伸5°[(4.97±3.48)°]的主动位置觉绝对差值, 跖屈20°[(11.21±15.57)°]、跖屈10°[(7.47±8.40)°]和中立位0°[(5.63±6.32)°]的运动觉阈值, 均显著高于正常组(P<0.05)。患者组健侧振动觉阈值[(5.90...     

俯卧位通气在先天性心脏病术后急性肺损伤患儿中的应用效果

目的 探讨俯卧位通气在先天性心脏病术后急性肺损伤患儿中应用的效果。方法 采用便利抽样法，选取2020年4月—2021年12月在上海市某三级甲等儿童专科医院心脏监护室住院的68例患儿作为研究对象，按照区组随机化分为试验组和对照组各34例。试验组在常规护理的基础上进行俯卧位通气，每次持续8 h，每天1次；对照组接受常规护理。比较两组入组后4、8、16 h的呼吸力学指标（经皮血氧饱和度、动态肺顺应性、氧合指数）以及血流动力学指标（心率、收缩压、舒张压及乳酸浓度）；机械通气时间及心脏监护室住院天数；结束机械通气时，非计划性拔管、切口愈合不良、压力性损伤发生率，Braden Q压力性损伤风险评估量表评分，出院时手术切口分类及愈合等级。结果 无脱落病例。不同时间点两组呼吸力学指标、乳酸浓度的组间和时间存在交互效应（P<0.05）。简单效应分析结果 显示，入组后4、8、16 h，试验组经皮血氧饱和度、动态肺顺应性和氧合指数均高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001）；试验组乳酸浓度均低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组机械通气时间和心脏监护室住院天数均少于对...     

High-resolution feature based central venous catheter tip detection network in X-ray images

Hospital patients can have catheters and lines inserted during the course of their admission to give medicines for the treatment of medical issues, especially the central venous catheter (CVC). However, malposition of CVC will lead to many complications, even death. Clinicians always detect the malposition based on position detection of CVC tip via X-ray images. To reduce the workload of the clinicians and the percentage of malposition occurrence, we propose an automatic catheter tip detection framework based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed framework contains three essential components which are modified HRNet, segmentation supervision module, and deconvolution module. The modified HRNet can retain high-resolution features from start to end, ensuring the maintenance of precise information from the X-ray images. The segmentation supervision module can alleviate the presence of other line-like structures such as the skeleton as well as other tubes and catheters used for treatment. In addition, the deconvolution module can further increase the feature resolution on the top of the highest-resolution feature maps in the modified HRNet to get a higher-resolution heatmap of the catheter tip. A public CVC Dataset is utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. The results show that the proposed algorithm offering a mean Pixel Error of 4.11 outperforms three comparative methods (Ma’s method, SRPE method, and LCM method). It is demonstrated to be a promising solution to precisely detect the tip position of the catheter in X-ray images.     

手臂位置对射波刀放射治疗脊柱肿瘤患者的剂量学影响

目的: 评估患者手臂位置变化对射波刀脊柱肿瘤放射治疗潜在剂量学的影响。方法: 选取胸椎与腰椎肿瘤患者各12例,勾画患者手臂轮廓并修改CT值和密度,使其等效为空气,模拟手臂完全移出射野的极端情况。保留原治疗计划的射束条件再次计算剂量,通过与原始计划的剂量体积直方图(dose-volume histogram, DVH)的参数比较,分析计划靶区(planning target volume, PTV)100%处方剂量的覆盖体积(V₁₀₀)、95%PTV体积受照剂量(D₉₅)、90%PTV体积受照剂量(D₉₀)、适形指数(conformity index, CI)与异质性指数(heterogeneity index, HI),以及脊髓、胃、食管、肠道的最大受照剂量(D_max)、1cc体积(1 mL)受照剂量(D_1cc)和2cc体积(2 mL)受照剂量(D_2cc)的变化。结果: 与原治疗计划相比,模拟计划的PTV V₁₀₀、D₉₅、D₉₀、CI平均升高0.86%、2.02%、1.97%、0.80%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);脊髓D_max、D_1cc与D_2cc平均升高2.35%、2.59%、1.49%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);胃D_2cc平均升高1.70%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);食管与肠道剂量差异无统计学意义。结论: 在基于射波刀的脊柱肿瘤放射治疗过程中最极端的双臂位置情况下,发现手臂位置的改变对剂量学影响很小,并且随手臂位置的改变,靶区与危及器官(organ at risk, OAR)的剂量有所增加,但增幅相对较小,因此,在某些特殊情况下,患者确实无法始终保持手臂位置一致时,可以进行合理的调整,但是为了保证剂量的精确投照,应尽可能实现患者治疗体位的稳定性与一致性。     

肿瘤治疗电场对胶质母细胞瘤放疗位置精度的影响

目的初步研究放疗同期联合肿瘤治疗电场(TTF)治疗恶性胶质瘤时,TTF阵列对放疗摆位精度的影响。方法使用kV级锥形束CT(CBCT)以及X射线容积成像系统(XVI),分别对29例常规放疗患者和12例TTF同步放疗患者进行放疗摆位验证分析,在左右(Lat)、头脚(Lng)和胸背(Vrt)、侧旋(Roll)、侧倾(Pitch)和旋转(Rtn)6个方向上评估放疗摆位中心和治疗计划中心的误差。根据摆位误差数据重新确定计划中心点,并在不改变射野参数的条件下,重新计算剂量分布,评估计划靶区(PTV)和临床靶区(CTV)的V_(40)、D_(mean)、D98%、D2%,以及头皮组织的D_(mean)、D20 cm^(3)、D30 cm^(3)。结果行TTF同步放疗的患者在佩戴TTF阵列时,摆位误差朝脚方向平均增加了2 mm,最大增加了3.5 mm;朝背方向平均增加了1.3 mm,最大增加了2.7 mm;Roll和Rtn方向的摆位误差均向一侧增加了1.1°。PTV的V40最大下降了4.78%,D98%最大下降了6%,头皮的Dmean最大增加2.6%,D20 cm3最大增加3.2%,D30 cm3最大增加3.5%。CTV及PTV其余剂量参数偏差均在2%以内。结论TTF阵列对患者的Lng和Vrt方向的摆位误差有较明显的影响,并且增加了Roll和Rtn方向的摆位难度,Lat方向和Pitch方向无明显误差;摆位误差过大会明显降低PTV的剂量。     

Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Crowe III/IV Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Acetabular Morphology and Reconstruction Techniques

The severe anatomic deformities render acetabular reconstruction as one of the greatest challenges in total hip arthroplasty (THA) for patients with Crowe III/IV developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Thorough understanding of acetabular morphology and bone defect is the basis of acetabular reconstruction techniques. Researchers have proposed either true acetabulum position reconstruction or high hip center (HHC) position reconstruction. The former can obtain the optimal hip biomechanics, including bulk femoral head autograft, acetabular medial wall displacement osteotomy, and acetabular component medialization, while the latter is relatively easy for hip reduction, as it can avoid neurovascular lesions and obtain more bone coverage; however, it cannot achieve good hip biomechanics. Both techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages. Although there is no consensus on which approach is better, most researchers suggest the true acetabulum position reconstruction. Based on the various acetabular deformities in DDH patients, evaluation of acetabular morphology, bone defect, and bone stock using the 3D image and acetabular component simulation techniques, as well as the soft tissue tension around the hip joint, individualized acetabular reconstruction plans can be formulated and appropriate techniques can be selected to acquire desired clinical outcomes.