一期手术治疗颅内多发动脉瘤

目的 探讨颅内多发动脉瘤的治疗方法和各种方法之间的利与弊。方法 经一期手术治疗颅内多发性动脉瘤25例，其中，男8例，女17例，最大年龄73岁，最小29岁，平均54．2岁。25例中查出动脉瘤56个，其中颈内-后交通动脉瘤17个，大脑中动脉瘤23个，前交通动脉瘤4个，颈内-脉络膜前动脉瘤6个，颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤2个，颈内-眼动脉段动脉瘤2个，大脑前动脉远端动脉瘤2个。根据形态特点囊性动脉瘤51个，梭形动脉瘤5个。25例均行翼点入路，单侧开颅6例，双侧开颅19例；夹闭动脉瘤51个，包裹5个。结果 25例手术全部成功，存活率100％，经半年的随访，仍有2例偏瘫，1例植物生存。3例动眼神经瘫尚在恢复中，6例脑积水中，有4例手术后脑室缩小，2例无明显变化。结论 如果患者全身状态允许及动脉瘤的位置和性状合适，一期手术治疗颅内多发性动脉瘤是安全和可行的，效果是良好的。     

阿普唑仑在神经精神科的临床应用

阿普唑仑治疗抑郁症总有效率为90%～100%;治疗焦虑症总有效率为96.4%～100%;治疗癫痫总有效率为83.3%;治疗神经衰弱失眠总有效率为97～100%;毒副反应较轻,安全系数大。     

Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation

The incidence and clinical picture of non-painful and painful phantom limb sensations as well as stump pain was studied in 58 patients 8 days and 6 months after limb amputation. The incidence of non-painful phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain 8 days after surgery was 84, 72 and 57%, respectively. Six months after amputation the corresponding figures were 90, 67 and 22%, respectively. Kinaesthetic sensations (feeling of length, volume or other spatial sensation of the affected limb) were present in 85% of the patients with phantom limb both immediately after surgery and 6 months later. However, 30% noticed a clear shortening of the phantom during the follow-up period; this was usually among patients with no phantom pain. Phantom pain was significantly more frequent in patients with pain in the limb the day before amputation than in those without preoperative limb pain. Of the 67% having some phantom pain at the latest interview 50% reported that pains were decreasing. Four patients (8%), however, reported that phantom pains were worse 6 months after amputation than originally. During the follow-up period the localization of phantom pains shifted from a proximal and distal distribution to a more distal localization. While knifelike, sticking phantom pains were most common immediately after surgery, squeezing or burning types of phantom pain were usually reported later in the course. Possible mechanisms for the present findings either in periphery, spinal cord or in the brain are discussed.     

Detection of alcohol abuse in neurological patients: variables of clinical relevance to the accuracy of the %CDT-TIA and CDTect methods

OBJECTIVES: Alcohol-related neurological diseases are encountered frequently. Early diagnosis is essential, because minimal intervention effectively reduces hazardous alcohol consumption and may prevent permanent neurological damage. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a valuable tool for the identification of alcohol abuse, but for unselected patient populations, reduced test accuracy has been reported. Recently, factors other than alcohol use have been shown to influence CDT levels. Our aim was to identify clinically relevant factors that might reduce test accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 397 neurological patients consecutively hospitalized for seizures, ischemic stroke, or sciatica and 87 patients who attended routine outpatient controls for epilepsy. Blood samples were analyzed for CDT by using two commercially available tests, %CDT-TIA and CDTect. All patients underwent a semistructured clinical interview that included a record of the reported ethanol consumption during the last 8 days, and all completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Current medication, medical history, and demographic information also were obtained. RESULTS: Both tests were elevated in female antiepileptic drug users, compared with others who reported no recent ethanol intake. A higher number of false-positive cases was seen for CDTect than for %CDT. Various combinations of CDT and gamma-glutamyltransferase improved sensitivity, but at the cost of reduced specificity. Variables that predicted the variation of CDT included antiepileptic drug use, sex, body mass index, and smoking. Total transferrin levels were reduced significantly in postmenopausal women, whereas a falling trend was seen for CDTect. Transferrin alterations caused a higher number of false-positive results for CDTect than for %CDT. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for women was higher for CDTect than for %CDT, and for %CDT, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was higher for men than for women. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of CDT for detection of alcohol abuse in neurological patients was generally low, particularly for women. Combination variables of CDT and gamma-glutamyltransferase did not increase test accuracy. Variables that were associated with higher CDT levels included female sex, antiepileptic drug use, transferrin alterations, and possibly low body mass index. When factors known to cause poor accuracy in particular patient groups are appreciated, CDT may be a good adjunct to the clinical examination.     

以问题为基础的教学法在神经内科临床带教中的应用研究

目的探索以问题为基础的教学法(problem-based learning,PBL)在神经内科护理本科生临床见习带教中的应用效果。方法将在神经内科临床见习的96名护理本科生分为两组,对照组按传统带教方法带教,试验组按PBL教学法带教。结果试验组在见习报告成绩、对教学效果的评价及对教学方法的支持程度上均优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论在神经内科护理本科生临床见习带教中使用PBL教学法,可提高学生的学习积极性、主动性及分析和解决问题的能力。     

神经内科病房环境的微生物学特征与患者感染的关系

目的 了解神经内科感染患者与其病房环境微生物学特征,进一步分析两者之间的关系.方法 选取2009年4月-2010年9月神经内科住院患者中发生感染的110例作为研究对象,于感染发生＜24 h对其病房环境标本和感染部位标本进行采集、培养、菌种鉴定及药敏试验.结果 病房标本中病原菌主要为革兰阳性菌伴有少量革兰阴性杆菌,以藤黄微球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞较为常见,感染患者标本中检出19种病原菌,主要为革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌,以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌较为常见,病房环境与患者感染病原菌种类分布比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 神经内科病房环境与感染患者的菌种分布具有相对一致性,病房环境是患者发生感染的重要感染源.     

革兰阴性菌与NSICU医院感染的关系

目的 研究革兰阴性菌在NSICU环境中的分布及其所致医院感染的特征,为其防治提供理论依据.方法 选取2010年10月-2011年9月某医院NSICU发生医院感染患者进行病原学检查及药敏试验,同时监测NSICU空气和病床单位的细菌学分布特征.结果 209例患者中有61例发生医院感染,感染率为29.2％;其中42例进行了病原学检测,检出革兰阴性菌占77.9％,其中肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌分别占25.9％和23.3％,均对左氧氟沙星敏感;在病房环境中检出的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要为鲍氏不动杆菌.结论 革兰阴性杆菌是引发NSICU医院感染最重要的病原菌之一,下呼吸道是最易发生医院感染的部位,其病原菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌;NSICU环境是除肺炎克雷伯菌以外的其他革兰阴性杆菌感染的主要传播途径,肺炎克雷伯菌对大多数抗菌药物敏感,而其他革兰阴性杆菌对于多数抗菌药物具有不同程度的耐药性.     

Death from cerebral hypoperfusion during nitroprusside treatment of acute angiotensin-dependent hypertension

A 37-year-old woman, while being treated with nitroprusside for acute hypertension due to an intramural renal artery hemorrhage, became blind on the fourth hospital day, comatose on the fifth, and brain dead on the seventh. Postmortem examination of her brain revealed border-zone infarcts in the parietal-occipital regions and cerebrellum of the sort associated with cerebral hypoperfusion due to hypotension. Yet her blood pressure had been lowered judiciously to a mean pressure in the vicinity of 110 to 120 mm Hg, and episodes of hypotension had been avoided. As possible explanations for this unusual complication, the roles of acute hyperangiotensinemia and nitroprusside administration are discussed.     

57例神经内科患者医院感染临床分析

目的 了解本院神经内科医院感染的相关危险因素,为防治院内感染提供科学依据.方法 分析2011年1月至2013年9月期间我院神经内科收治的57例医院感染的住院患者的临床资料,分析其危险因素.结果 院内感染率为6.98％,其中感染患者中脑出血的感染率最高,为38.60％,脑梗塞为24.56％,感染部位中,呼吸系统感染比例最大,为42.11％,泌尿系统感染比例次之,为29.82％,消化系统感染比例为12.28％,白色念珠菌和大肠埃希菌感染是神经内科院内感染的主要致病菌,老年患者、住院时间和侵袭性操作都会增加感染几率.结论 神经内科的医院感染是由多种因素共同作用,应有针对性的对主要的危险因素采取相应医护措施加以防控,减少感染的发生.