Fast responders have blinders on: ERP correlates of response inhibition in competition

Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals acting in a social context form shared representations, resulting in incorporating another person's action plan into their own. The present study investigated the extent to which shared representations are formed in a competitive task. Specifically, it was tested whether in competition the process of response inhibition is affected by explicit knowledge of another's task. Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of response inhibition were measured while pairs of participants competed with each other on a speeded go/no-go task. Participants were instructed to always try to respond faster than their direct competitor. No-go stimuli requiring an inhibitory response of the other person as well (compatible action) or no-go stimuli to which the other person should respond (incompatible action) were directly compared. Behavioral performance measures and response inhibition, as reflected in the no-go P3, were decreased on incompatible actions compared to compatible ones. Interestingly, both the behavioral and the ERP effects were caused by the slow responding and thus unsuccessful competitors. These findings indicate that shared representations are formed in competitive tasks, but differently for successful and unsuccessful competitors. Only the slow responders are impeded by incompatible actions. The present study therefore demonstrates that the formation of shared representations is not a fully automatic process. People can differ in the extent to which they incorporate the other's action plan into their own and this may be closely related to successful performance in competitive action.     

试论现代医学对人才逻辑素质的要求

国际医学的激烈竞争，需要全新的医学人才。逻辑素质是后天获得的，现代医学对医学人才在接受和处理信息，表达与协作、预测与创新等方面的逻辑素质提出了新的更高的要求。只有通过学习、训练和反复实践才能提高逻辑素质，才能在日趋激烈的国际医学竞争中成为时代的强者。     

合作竞争中企业竞争情报体系的构建

从合作竞争理论入手,阐明合作竞争的特点并对合作竞争环境下情报体系的构建和实现进行分析,提出建设性意见。     

Effects of medial and lateral caudate-putamen lesions on place- and cue-guided behaviors in the water maze: relation to thigmotaxis

Rats with dorsomedial or dorsolateral caudate-putamen lesions and sham-operated controls were trained on the standard hidden platform (place) task in the water maze. Compared to controls, rats with dorsomedial, but not dorsolateral lesions were slower to escape to the hidden platform and spent significantly more time swimming near the wall of the pool (thigmotaxis) on the early trials, but eventually achieved control levels of performance. When the platform was removed from the pool, all groups exhibited a significant bias for swimming in the training quadrant and crossing the former location of the platform. In the second phase of the experiment rats were given visible platform (cue) training in a different room/pool with the platform moved to a new location each day. Rats with dorsomedial, but not dorsolateral lesions required more trials to reach criterion; again, thigmotaxis was observed on the early trials. The third phase, carried out in the original room/pool, included a place-retention trial followed by a place-cue competition test, (i.e. a choice between the learned spatial location of the hidden platform and the visible platform in a new location). The rats with dorsomedial, but not dorsolateral lesions swam to the visible platform more frequently than the controls. In the final phase, the rats in both lesion groups exhibited slightly lower thigmotactic tendencies than controls in a standard dry-land open field, a finding inconsistent with the hypothesis that thigmotaxis in the water maze is due to increased fear or anxiety. Taken together with other behavioral and anatomical findings, the results suggest that the dorsomedial caudate-putamen, by virtue of its connections with limbic and prefrontal cortical regions, may mediate a response selection process that integrates cognitive information with stimulus-response tendencies.     

What is behind "I'm so tired"? Fatigue experiences and their relations to the quality and quantity of external stimulation

In the present study, it is hypothesized that both low quality and high quantity of external stimulation are related to elevated levels of fatigue. This is proposed by the Quality–Quantity model for understanding fatigue (QQuF model). The relations between the quality and quantity of external information and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) are examined. Moreover, the role of depression (measured with the CES-D) in relation to the QQuF model is explored. The results show low quality of external stimulation, that is, low “attractiveness of external stimulation,” relating to all five dimensions of fatigue. A high quantity of external stimulation, that is, high “experienced overload,” related primarily to general and mental fatigue. The QQuF model was only slightly moderated by depression, but depression directly and strongly related to all dimensions of fatigue. It is concluded that fatigue related to low quality of external stimulation can be distinguished from fatigue related to a high quantity of external stimulation. This distinction is useful when considering theoretical issues and treatment of fatigue.     

试论医院的成本管理

文章对医院成本管理的意义、内容和基本要求进行了详述,指出医院成本管理应处理好的几个关系及医疗机构成本管理的发展趋势,认为加强成本管理对提高两个效益、提升竞争实力有重要意义。     

大型综合性医院实施主诊医师负责制的实践与体会

介绍了医院紧密结合自身实际推行主诊医师负责制改革的具体做法,全面分析和总结了推行改革所暴露和引发的问题以及取得积极成效.实践表明:推行主诊医师负责制实现了医院分层管理、凝聚了人才,提升了人力资源管理水平;改变了管理流程,合理的实现了能级管理;强化了技术竞争,推进了技术创新和医院信息系统建设;明确了管理强院之路;提高了医院的核心竞争力,为医院可持续发展奠定了良好基础.     

基于偏离-份额法评价江苏省医药制造业各子产业竞争力

目的:为江苏省医药制造业内部进行产业结构调整提供依据。方法:采用偏离-份额法,分析江苏省医药制造业各子产业的竞争力状况。结果与结论:江苏省医药制造业各子产业的竞争力排序为化学药品制剂制造业、化学药品原料药制造业、中药材及中成药加工业、生物制品业、动物药品制造业。     

The role of cellular competition in B cell survival and selection of B cell repertoires

We studied the competitive repopulation by different B cells of irradiated mice reconstituted with bone marrow from either congenic or Ig-transgenic (TG) mice mixed at different ratios. We found that after reconstitution, the number of B cells recovered in the different chimeras is similar and independent of the ratio of injected cells. In chimeras hosting TG and non-TG cells, the relative representation of the donor cell lineages diverges from the ratios present in the inoculum, i.e. at the periphery, non-TG cells are preferentially selected. Selection of non-TG cells only occurs when population growth plateaus, i.e. when resources become limiting and competition starts to operate. Selection of non-TG cells depends on surface Ig expression, and they are selected because they have a longer survival. Finally, the life-expectancy of the same B cell population differs depending upon the second population present. The present results show that the life-span and the population size of each B cell clone can be altered (interfered with) by the presence of a second cell population, demonstrating the existence of cellular competition among B cells. Our findings establish the role of cellular competition in the selection of B cell repertoires and the existence of a hierarchy of B cell selection in the absence of antigenic stimulation. The implications of cellular competition on our understanding of the immune system are discussed.