心肺危险指数与肺癌术后并发症的预测

目的研究心肺危险指数与肺癌术后并发症的关系.方法对1 144例接受肿瘤切除手术的肺癌患者进行分析,从临床资料中计算出心脏危险指数(CRI)和肺危险指数(PRI),两者相加之和为心肺危险指数(CPRI),分析CPRI与肺癌术后并发症的关系.结果术后30天内发生并发症的有167例(14.6%),死亡25例(2.2%).本组CPRI分为1～10级,其中CPRI＜4的有808例,≥4的有336例.以CPRI≥4为标准,其预测肺癌手术风险的敏感性、特异性分别为81.4%、79.5%.结论CPRI可以作为预测肺癌术后并发症的一项重要指标,但不能完全预计肺切除术后风险,仍需结合其它因素综合考虑.     

Effects of new polymer-coated extracorporeal circuits on biocompatibility during cardiopulmonary bypass

An inflammatory response due to bioincompatibility of extracorporeal circuits is a major clinical issue during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). By using a swine model, we determined whether new polymer-coated circuits, the blood-contacting surfaces of which are coated with poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA), would reduce the inflammatory response during CPB. Plasma bradykinin levels and the percentages of CD35-positive monocytes in PMEA-coated circuits were significantly lower than those in uncoated circuits during CPB. The amount of proteins adsorbed on the PMEA-coated circuits was significantly lower than that on the uncoated circuits (0.30 microg/cm2 versus 3.42 microg/ cm2). Almost no IgG, IgM, or C3c/d was detected in proteins adsorbed on the PMEA-coated circuits although these proteins were clearly detected in proteins adsorbed on the uncoated circuits. We concluded that PMEA coating could reduce complement activation during CPB by suppressing the adsorption of IgG and IgM, which activate C3 via the classical pathway, on the surface of the circuits.     

体外循环手术前后病人血清sIL-2R水平和T淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞的变化及临床意义

目的：通过检测心脏体外循环（ＣＰＢ）手术前后病人血清中可溶性白介素２－受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、Ｔ细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞（ＮＫ），观察分析心脏ＣＰＢ手术病人细胞免疫的影响及其临床意义。方法：选择２４例风心病择期换瓣病人，术前、ＣＰＢ１０分钟、ＣＰＢ２小时、术后第１天、３天、５天检测血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平、Ｔ细胞亚群及ＮＫ细胞活性。术后第１天血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平升高，ＣＯ４（辅助细胞）活性明显降低，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８（辅助细胞／抑制细胞）比值下降，ＮＫ活性降低；并且ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ与ＣＤ４、ＮＫ活性呈负相关。结论：低温心脏ＣＰＢ手术对病人免疫机能有不良影响，临床应采取相应措施，改善术后病人的免疫机能。     

Experimental Evidence of Cerebral Injury from Profound Hypothermia During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Choreoathetosis, seizures, and impaired mental development continue to occur in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and profound hypothermia with or without circulatory arrest. Although there is some evidence that the hypothermia itself may be causing these neurologic problems, skepticism remains because of lack of evidence from experimental studies simulating the clinical setting. In this experimental study, we examined the effect of profound and moderate hypothermia on the brain while maintaining normal flow rates during CPB. Ten adult mongrel dogs equally divided into two groups were anesthetized and subjected to CPB and varying levels of hypothermia (group 1, ≤15°C; group 2, ≤32°C). Both groups were kept at the desired temperature for 1 hour prior to rewarming and discontinuation of CPB. The dogs were euthanized 4–6 weeks later and neuropathologic studies were performed. The mean CPB flow rates during cooling and at the desired rectal temperature were comparable in both groups: group 1, 108 ± 10 ml/kg/min versus 106 ± 7 ml/kg/min in group 2 (p= NS) and 95 ± 12 ml/kg/min in group 1 versus 101 ± 5 ml/kg/min in group 2 (p= NS). Because of the difference in temperature between the two groups, the mean cooling time (onset of CPB to desired rectal temperature) was longer in group 1 (70 ± 14 minutes) than in group 2 (28 ± 11 minutes, p= 0.007). Hence, the total mean CPB time was also longer in group 1 (198 ± 25 minutes) than in group 2 (143 ± 13 minutes, p= 0.002). The lowest mean blood and rectal temperature achieved in group 1 were 11 ± .9°C and 12 ± 1°C versus 29 ± .4°C (p < 0.001) and 30 ± .6°C (p= 0.001), respectively, in group 2 (p= 0.001). Neuronal loss and degeneration was noted in all dogs in group 1 ranging from 2 to 8 cells per 1000 cells counted compared to none in group 2 (p= 0.05). These lesions occurred in both the basal ganglia and the cortex, although they were more marked in the caudate when compared to the cortex and cerebellum. Both in the cortex and in the caudate, neuronal loss was more marked around the capillaries. We conclude that the use of profound hypothermia of ≤15°C and maintenance of normal flow rates during cooling at this temperature for 1 hour produces neuronal loss and degeneration in the brain. These lesions being more marked around capillaries points to the vulnerability of the neurons, probably because of their high lipid content to injury from the cold perfusate.     

The pharmacokinetics of anesthetic drugs and adjuvants during cardiopulmonary bypass

The institution of cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery has profound effects on the plasma concentration of drugs and thus their therapeutic effectiveness. These changes occur through acute hemodilution, altered plasma protein binding, hypotension, as well as the use of hypothermia and heparin administration. Isolation of the lungs from the circulation and the possible sequestration of drugs in the bypass circuit also affect drug plasma concentrations on bypass. The individual characteristics of the drug in question are also important in determining the final plasma concentration: Lipid soluble drugs with a high volume of distribution may be more readily taken up by bypass equipment, but the initial fall in concentration at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass may be more readily counteracted by back diffusion into plasma, if large tissue stores have accumulated. The extent of the drug's plasma protein binding is of importance as the effective free fraction in plasma for highly bound drugs will be sensitive to changes in plasma protein binding brought on by factors such as hemodilution, heparin administration as well as alpha, acid-glycoprotein binding. Clearly the fate of drugs administered before or on bypass is complex and can only be accurately determined by specific studies evaluating drug plasma concentrations. This review updates the available data on anesthetics and drugs used during cardiac surgery in order that anesthetists may predict better the likely effect of drugs administered before or during cardiopulmonary bypass.     

不同方法静注肾上腺素对心肺复苏的疗效观察

目的 :观察大剂量间歇给药与小剂量递增给药在冠心病猝死心肺复苏中的疗效。方法 :79例冠心病猝死患者常规施以心肺复苏 (CPR) ,电除颤 1～ 2次无效 ,分为 A、B两组分别以小剂量递增法及大剂量间歇法静注肾上腺素 ,观察用药至自主循环恢复 (Rosc)时间、累积用药量、自主循环恢复率及存活出院率。结果 :A、B两组肾上腺素累积用量相近 ,Rosc时间 A组 (5 .1± 2 .7) min,B组 (3.8± 2 .1) min(P <0 .0 5 ) ;自主循环恢复率 A组 31.6 % ,B组 5 8.5 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ;存活出院率 A组 14 .8% ,B组 2 4 .4 % (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :大剂量间歇给药较小剂量递增给药可明显促进心脏骤停患者的自主循环恢复 ,但对预后无改善。     

潮气末二氧化碳分压在心搏骤停大鼠复苏期的变化

目的探讨潮气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)变化对大鼠心肺复苏(CPR)预后的影响。方法SD大鼠60只,气管插管机械通气,制作窒息8分钟心跳骤停模型,按照复苏结果分为失败组和成功组,观察PetCO2在心肺复苏(CPR)过程中的变化。结果(1)自主循环恢复的40例(成功组)PetCO2平均值(43.1mmHg)与自主循环未恢复的20例(失败组)PetCO2平均值(9.5mmHg)比较有高度显著性差异(P<0.01)。(2)失败组在窒息前后PetCO2比较差异有高度显著性(P<0.01)。(3)成功组与失败组在自主循环恢复前PetCO2比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论CPR过程中PetCO2的监测对复苏预后有预测作用。     

浅低温心脏不停跳体外循环灌注心内直视手术

目的探讨浅低温心脏不停跳心内直视手术体外循环灌注的临床应用前景。方法46例浅低温心内直视手术,只阻断上、下腔静脉,不阻断升主动脉,不灌注停跳液,建立体外循环后缓慢自然降温至31~33℃,在心脏不停跳的情况下完成心内畸形纠正术。结果全组手术过程和术后恢复均顺利,无心律失常和术后低心排等并发症发生,全部患者均痊愈出院。结论该方法是一种接近生理状态下的体外循环灌注法,避免因心脏停跳导致心肌缺血缺氧和再灌注所造成的损伤,能最大限度保护心脏功能,获得较为理想的心肌保护效果。     

阴茎海绵体腔内输注对犬失血性休克的复苏作用

目的:探讨阴茎海绵体腔内输注对失血性休克的复苏效果及安全性。方法:6条犬制成失血性休克模型,监测基础、休克末平均动脉压、中心静脉压、脉率、呼吸。实验组行海绵体穿刺,输晶体及自体全血,对照组行股静脉穿刺。观察复苏15、30、45、60、90、120 min血流动力学指标及海绵体内压力变化,2周后海绵体切片镜检。结果:实验组复苏满意,输液流速63 mL/min;正常海绵体内压力为(3.97±0.88)mmHg,休克时为(2.0±0.25)mmHg,输晶体后为(7.04±2.63)mmHg,输入自体全血后为(9.04±3.72)mmHg,镜下结构无明显病理改变。结论:阴茎海绵体作为新的输液通路,可有效而安全地进行休克复苏。     

体外循环期间低体重患儿血浆乳酸水平的变化

目的研究低体重患儿体外循环(CPB)各时段血浆乳酸的变化。方法将23例患儿分为2组,A组体重<10kg 12例,B组体重>10kg(10~27kg)11例。在CPB前,主动脉阻断后,停CPB前,分别采血样检测血浆乳酸浓度。结果AB两组在主动脉阻断后血浆乳酸浓度分别为(4.6±1.2)mmol/L、(3.8±1.1)mmol/L,较CPB前明显升高,P<0.05,AB两组停CPB前乳酸水平分别为(4.1±1.3)mmol/L、(2.9±1.3)mmol/L,A组较B组为高,二组差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。B组至停CPB前明显下降,P<0.05,但仍高于转前水平,而A组下降不明显,P>0.05。结论低体重儿在CPB中无氧代谢更旺盛,清除乳酸能力较弱,术中血浆乳酸检测有助于判断组织氧平衡情况。