浅析活血法在胎黄中的应用

通过对胎黄的古代文献及近年来中医胎黄理论的分析,探讨胎黄的病因病机,指出胎黄以湿邪瘀阻为主,病机以湿为源,以血分瘀滞为关键,脾虚湿困,肝失疏泄,胆汁泛溢肌肤.探讨在利湿退黄基础上,分清血分瘀滞程度,灵活运用活血化瘀法治疗胎黄,常获良效.     

基于文献计量分析法探讨燥邪的阴阳属性

目的运用文献计量分析法搜集整理古今关于燥邪阴阳属性的文献,从中医理论体系的角度重新认识燥邪阴阳属性的理论观点,为以燥邪为病因的病证提供临床治疗理论依据。方法确定检索词与检索条件,通过《中华医典》(第5版)电子丛书获取新中国成立前的文献;同时,通过CNKI中国期刊全文数据库和超星移动图书馆获取当代文献,进行数据统计与分析。结果通过《中华医典》(第5版)获得目标文献条目36条,通过CNKI中国期刊全文数据库和超星移动图书馆获得目标文献29篇,文献中对燥邪阴阳属性存在不同认识。结论 "燥邪属阴"的观点目前更受认可,笔者亦提出相应支持依据;"燥邪属阳"的观点日趋式微,但仍具有一定临床价值。     

实验室病原菌检测能力的自我评估

目的 通过国际实验动物科学协会(ICLAS)提供的盲样对本实验室微生物检测能力进行自我评估.方法 将ICLAS提供的7个盲样接种到血平板培养并纯化,依次通过革兰染色、氧化酶试验和触酶试验选择相应的梅里埃生化条上机进行鉴定.对于上述方法无法确认的样品则采用PCR和基因测序的方法进一步鉴别.结果 对7个盲样进行分析后,最终确认1号为金黄色葡萄球菌,2号为铜绿假单胞菌,3号为肺炎链球菌,4号为欣氏鲍特菌,5号为粘质沙雷菌,6号为牛棒状杆菌,7号为嗜肺巴斯德杆菌,检测结果与ICLAS提供结果一致.结论 本实验室病原菌检测质量可靠,实验人员的检测水平合格.     

164例艾滋病患者血液培养病原体分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)患者机会性感染的病原体种类及其药敏结果。方法 采用BeeT/Alert3D血培养仪进行血液标本的细菌和真菌培养;绝大部分菌株采用VITEK2 COMPACT微生物分析仪进行鉴定和药敏,部分菌株用手工方法鉴定,真菌药敏采用ATB药敏条。结果 164例艾滋病患者血液标本培养阳性34例,共分离34株病原菌,总阳性率为20.73％。其中真菌16株(47.06%),主要为新生隐球酵母菌12株(75.00％), 马尼菲青霉菌2株(12.50％), 2株因患者死亡未进一步鉴定(12.50％);革兰阳性球菌10株(29.41%),均为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,8株为耐甲氧西林菌株;革兰阳性杆菌6株(17.65%),均为星形诺卡菌;革兰阴性杆菌2株(5.88%),为甲型副伤寒沙门菌。12株新生隐球酵母菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑敏感率均为100%;10株葡萄球菌对万古霉素、奎诺普叮-达福普叮、利奈唑胺、庆大霉素敏感率均为100%,对红霉素、青霉素G、克林霉素耐药率100%。6株星形诺卡菌对复方新诺明和庆大霉素敏感。结论 艾滋病患者发生机会性感染的病原体以真菌占优势,尤其以新生隐球酵母菌为主。     

1788例社区获得性肺炎非细菌性病原体分布特征分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨社区获得性肺炎患儿非细菌性病原体分布特点。方法回顾性选取2021年12月—2022年11月于沈阳市儿童医院住院的社区获得性肺炎患儿1788例,运用多重RT-PCR与毛细电泳联用技术对10种病毒病原体及2种非典型病原体进行检测,同时抽取静脉血行肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体血清学抗体检测,分析不同病原体的分布特征。结果(1)1788例社区获得性肺炎患儿病原体阳性率为72.43%(1295/1788),其中病毒病原体阳性率为59.68%(1067/1788),非典型病原体阳性率为22.04%(394/1788)。阳性率由高到低依次为肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、鼻病毒、副流感病毒、流感病毒A、博卡病毒、腺病毒、肺炎衣原体、冠状病毒。(2)季节分布:春季以呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体为主要病原体;夏季以肺炎支原体阳性率最高,其次为流感病毒A;秋季偏肺病毒阳性率最高;冬季主要为流感病毒B、呼吸道合胞病毒。(3)性别、年龄分布:肺炎支原体阳性率女孩高于男孩(P<0.05),其他病原体性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。部分病原体在不同年龄组间的阳性率不同(P<0.05):肺炎支原体阳性率在>6岁组最高;呼吸道合胞病毒和肺炎衣原体阳性率在<1岁组最高;偏肺病毒、流感病毒B阳性率在1~<3岁组最高。(4)疾病分布:重症肺炎患儿以呼吸道合胞病毒、肺炎支原体、鼻病毒、偏肺病毒为主;大叶性肺炎患儿的病原体主要为肺炎支原体;急性支气管肺炎前5位病原体为肺炎支原体、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒。结论肺炎支原体、呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒B、偏肺病毒、鼻病毒为儿童社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体,呼吸道病原体阳性率在不同年龄阶段、季节和性别间存在一定差异。     

广西某医院2017—2021年艾滋病患者血培养病原菌调查及耐药性分析

目的 探讨艾滋病患者血培养阳性病原菌种类、构成及耐药性,为临床对艾滋病机会性感染的诊断和治疗提供实验室诊断依据。方法 回顾性统计本院2017—2021年艾滋病患者血培养病原菌种类、构成和药物敏感试验数据,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分类整理分析。结果 共送检5 125人次,分离出1 060株菌,阳性检出率为20.68%,真菌类为7种占比75.94%、细菌类52种占比为24.06%;细菌种类中革兰阳性球菌为34.12%,革兰阴性杆菌为63.88%。病原菌排前五位的是马尔尼菲篮状菌（64.25%）,新生隐球菌（10.94%）,沙门菌属（5.47%）、大肠埃希菌（4.72%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（3.87%）。 药敏结果：金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA）分离率为9.8%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（Methicillin resistant Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, MRCNS）分离率为60.9%,复方新诺明和利福平耐药率明显升高;耐碳青霉烯革兰阴性杆菌除了检出鲍曼不动杆菌外其他菌属均未检出;新生隐球菌药敏试验结果显示总的MIC值处于较低水平。结论 艾滋病患者血培养菌群以真菌为优势,主要为马尔尼菲篮状菌和新生隐球菌;细菌中分离率依次为沙门菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌等,并发现少见菌如马红球菌、NTM和诺卡菌等,因此艾滋病机会性感染病原体有其独特性。对优势菌株药物敏感结果分析结果：敏感菌株占优势,多重耐药菌株占比偏低,而葡萄球菌属对复方新诺明和利福平耐药率明显升高,为临床控制感染和合理规范使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。     

感毒清颗粒治疗普通感冒气虚邪犯证的临床观察

目的 观察和评价感毒清颗粒治疗普通感冒气虚邪犯证的有效性及安全性。方法 采用多中心随机双盲安慰剂对照的临床研究方法,将120例患者随机分为试验组和对照组各60例,试验组予感毒清颗粒每次6 g,每日3次,口服;对照组予安慰剂每次6 g,每日3次,口服;两组服药疗程均为5 d。同时采用全分析集（FAS）和符合方案集（PPS）分析两组治疗5 d后的总体症状缓解率、主要症状总积分、次要症状总积分、所有症状总积分、总体症状缓解时间及中医证候疗效,安全性采用安全性分析集（SS）分析。结果 试验组无脱落,对照组脱落3例;治疗5 d后试验组总体症状缓解率显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,FAS与PPS分析结果一致;试验组在改善主要症状总积分、次要症状总积分和所有症状总积分方面优于对照组（P<0.01）,FAS和PPS分析结果一致;两组总体症状缓解时间比较差异无统计学意义;试验组在改善恶风寒、鼻塞、流涕、倦怠乏力、气短懒言、咽干、咽痛、咳嗽、咳痰症状方面明显优于对照组（P<0.05,P<0.01）,FAS与PPS分析结果一致;试验组中医证候疗效优于对照组（P<0.01）,FAS与PPS分析结果一致。所有患者服药后生命体征、血常规、肝肾功能检查均未出现明显异常;试验组与对照组不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 感毒清能够有效改善普通感冒气虚邪犯证的症状、缩短疾病病程且安全性良好。     

Ocular bacterial infections at a tertiary eye center in China: a 5-year review of pathogen distribution and antibiotic sensitivity

AIM: To provide statistical evidence for the use of antibiotics in ophthalmology by assessing the distribution and antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates from ocular specimens with suspected microbial infections. METHODS: This study applied a retrospective analysis of 3690 bacterial isolates from ocular specimens, which were obtained from the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous body, and other ocular sites of the patients at Shandong Eye Institute in northern China from January 2013 to December 2017. The parameters assessed mainly included the distribution of isolated bacteria and the results of susceptibility tests for antibiotics. In the analysis of antibiotic sensitivities, the bacteria were divided into four groups according to gram staining, and statistical methods were used to compare their antibiotic sensitivities. RESULTS: Among the 3690 isolated bacterial strains, Staphylococcus epidermidis (2007, 54.39%) accounted for the highest proportion. As for the total isolates, their sensitivity rate to gatifloxacin was up to 90.01%, with four types of gram-stained bacteria being all highly sensitive to it, but their sensitivity rate to levofloxacin was only 51.91%. The sensitivity rate of gram-negative bacilli (G-B) to levofloxacin was 83.66%, significantly higher than the other three types of gram-stained bacteria (P<0.05). Gram-positive cocci (G+C, 97.95%) and gram-positive bacilli (G+B, 97.54%) were more sensitive to vancomycin than gram-negative cocci (G-C, 70.59%) and G-B (68.57%; P<0.05). For fusidic acid, the sensitivity rates of G+C (89.83%) and G+B (73.37%) were significantly higher than that of G-B (29.83%; P<0.05). The gram-negative bacteria’s sensitivity rate to cefuroxime was as low as 59.25%, but only G-B was less sensitive to cefuroxime (57.28%), while G-C was still highly sensitive (89.29%). The sensitivity rate of gram-positive bacteria to moxifloxacin was as high as 80.28%, but only G+C was highly sensitive to moxifloxacin (81.21%), while G+B was still less sensitive (32.00%). CONCLUSION: Staphylococcus epidermidis is the predominant isolate in all ocular specimens with bacteria. Gatifloxacin is more suitable for topical prophylactic use than levofloxacin in ophthalmology when necessary. Vancomycin and fusidic acid both have better effects on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. More accurate antibiotic sensitivity analysis results can be obtained when a more detailed bacterial classification and more appropriate statistical methods are performed.     

Mitigating Future Respiratory Virus Pandemics: New Threats and Approaches to Consider

Despite many recent efforts to predict and control emerging infectious disease threats to humans, we failed to anticipate the zoonotic viruses which led to pandemics in 2009 and 2020. The morbidity, mortality, and economic costs of these pandemics have been staggering. We desperately need a more targeted, cost-efficient, and sustainable strategy to detect and mitigate future zoonotic respiratory virus threats. Evidence suggests that the transition from an animal virus to a human pathogen is incremental and requires a considerable number of spillover events and considerable time before a pandemic variant emerges. This evolutionary view argues for the refocusing of public health resources on novel respiratory virus surveillance at human–animal interfaces in geographical hotspots for emerging infectious diseases. Where human–animal interface surveillance is not possible, a secondary high-yield, cost-efficient strategy is to conduct novel respiratory virus surveillance among pneumonia patients in these same hotspots. When novel pathogens are discovered, they must be quickly assessed for their human risk and, if indicated, mitigation strategies initiated. In this review, we discuss the most common respiratory virus threats, current efforts at early emerging pathogen detection, and propose and defend new molecular pathogen discovery strategies with the goal of preempting future pandemics.     

成都医学院第一附属医院2013年病原菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的了解成都医学院第一附属医院病原菌的分布与耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析成都医学院第一附属医院2013年病原菌的鉴定及药敏结果。结果共分离出病原菌3 805株,其中革兰阴性菌2 484株(65.3%),主要包括大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种;革兰阳性菌928株(24.4%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌393株(10.3%),主要为白假丝酵母菌。药物敏感试验显示,革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种仍均对碳青霉烯类及青霉素、头孢菌素类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂保持着较高的敏感率,而鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药现象较严重,仅对多黏菌素E高度敏感;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素保持着高度敏感率,而对红霉素等大环内酯类及青霉素的耐药现象较严重;真菌中白假丝酵母对5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伏力康唑、两性霉素B、伊曲康唑的敏感率均较高。结论应定期统计分析本院病原菌的分布及药敏情况,使临床医生依此合理使用抗菌药物,从而提高感染治愈率和延缓耐药菌的产生。