中国大学生完美主义心理与爱情观的关系

目的探究当代大学生完美主义和爱情观两种普遍心理的关系。方法采用自编的中国大学生完美主义量表和爱情观量表对3000名在校大学生进行调查。结果（1）当代大学生在完美主义心理的自省、高标准、担心错误、条理性、父母要求、完美期待维度,爱情观的激情型、游戏型、朋友型、依恋型、理智型、奉献型、缘分型、矛盾型维度上都存在显著的性别、年级和独生与否的差异。（2）根据爱情观各维度的定位创构了独特的“爱情蝴蝶图”：理智型和朋友型构成主（身）体部分;激情型和依恋型构成蝴蝶的左两翼,促使爱情向“合”的方向发展;矛盾型和游戏型构成爱情蝴蝶的右两翼,促使爱情向“离”的方向发展;奉献型和缘分型构成蝴蝶的两须,决定着对爱情的物质和情感的投注。（3）完美主义心理的各维度对爱情观有着显著的预测效用。结论大学生的完美主义心理与爱情观之间存在密切关系。     

The Beliefs about Emotions Scale: Validity, reliability and sensitivity to change

Objective

Beliefs about the unacceptability of experiencing or expressing negative emotions have been noted in individuals with a range of problems, including chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), irritable bowel syndrome, somatization disorder, depression, eating disorders, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder. These beliefs are likely to have implications for emotion regulation and processing, and are addressed explicitly or implicitly within many therapies including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). This article describes the development, validation, and internal reliability of the Beliefs about Emotions Scale (BES), a self-report questionnaire to assess such beliefs.

Methods

The new scale was completed by people with CFS (n=121) and healthy controls (n=73). Twenty-two individuals with CFS completed the scale before and after CBT.

Results

People with CFS had significantly higher scores on this new questionnaire than healthy controls. Principal components analysis identified one factor, and the scale had high internal consistency (0.91). Scores on the BES were most highly correlated with a measure of negative perfectionism (r=0.59) and also showed significant correlations with measures of dysfunctional attitudes, self-sacrifice, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. When completed before and after CBT for CFS, the questionnaire was sufficiently sensitive to detect a significant reduction in endorsement of unhelpful beliefs about emotions.

Conclusion

The new Beliefs about Emotions Scale showed good internal reliability, validity and sensitivity to change.     

How Do the Dimensions of Perfectionism Relate to Mental Health?

The present study examined the relationship between the two central dimensions of perfectionism, Pure Personal Standards (PPS) and Maladaptive Evaluative Concerns (MEC), and psychological distress as well as positive affect. The study also explored two potential mediators, self-concealment (SC) and contingent self-worth (CSW), of the relationship between these perfectionism dimensions and various mental health measures. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism, the two mediator variables, and a number of measures of mental health, including depression, fear of negative evaluation, positive affectivity, and eating disorder symptomatology. Analyses revealed that extracting out the MEC from PPS perfectionism scores using partial correlations removed the one significant correlation of PPS with psychopathology, and strengthened its positive correlation with well-being. In contrast, the MEC dimension of perfectionism was positively related to psychopathology and negatively related to well-being, even when controlling for PPS scores using partial correlations. Mediational analyses indicated that CSW significantly mediated the relationships between PPS and mental health, including fully mediating the relationship between PPS and each measure of psychopathology. Multiple mediational analyses revealed that SC and/or CSW mediated the relationships between MEC and mental health indices. These findings suggest that the central aspect of perfectionism related to psychopathology is the MEC dimension whereas PPS is more closely associated with positive features of mental health. Findings also suggest that future investigations of the relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology take into consideration the mediating effects of SC and CSW.

Perfectionism and Peer Relations Among Children with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

The study examined perfectionism, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression, and peer relationships among a clinical sample of 31 youth (age␣range 7–18 years) diagnosed with OCD. Using a correlational design, perfectionistic beliefs accounted for significant variance in OCD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and difficulties in peer relationships for children with OCD. One dimension of perfectionism, sensitivity to mistakes, was the most salient maladaptive aspect of perfectionism for this sample whereas another dimension, contingent self-esteem, emerged as the most salient adaptive dimension. Implications are discussed regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and developmental course of OCD among children and adolescents. Portions of this study were presented at the 114th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (New Orleans, LA).     

中国青少年完美主义问卷的编制

目的:编制适合中国文化背景的青少年完美主义问卷。方法:通过开放式问卷所作的回答进行分析整理,制定出包含78道题目的原始问卷,然后采用探索性和验证性因素分析对问卷的因素进行检验。结果:问卷包含38个项目,六个维度﹙分量表﹚,分别是完美期待、个人高标准、担心错误、条理性、自省和父母要求。因素分析结果表明,六个维度可解释总方差的55.35﹪,各维度的项目载荷在0.52～0.82之间。分量表的分半信度为0.78～0.87,同质性信度为0.82～0.92,重测信度为0.80～0.91﹙P<0.01﹚。结论:编制的本土化的青少年完美主义问卷具有理想的信效度,适合本国青少年使用。     

大学生完美主义与孤独的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生完美主义与孤独的关系.方法 采用FMPS完美主义量表与孤独量表(UCLA)对620名大学生进行了调查.结果 不同孤独水平大学生在担心错误维度和完美主义总分上都存在看显著差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)和显著的相关;完美主义的担心错误对孤独有非常显著的预测作用(R2=0.064,P＜0.001).结论 大学生的完美主义与孤独密切相关.     

高中生完美主义研究

目的 研究高中生完美主义的现状.方法 采用自编青少年完美主义问卷对650名高中生进行调查.结果 ①高中生在完美主义的条理性和自省维度上存在显著的年级差异(t=2.56,P＜0.01).②在担心错误和条理性上有显著性别差异(t=2.15,P＜0.05;t=-3.08,P＜0.01).③高中生的完美主义可以聚类为健康型、障碍型和非完美型.结论 高中生的完美主义状况总体上较好.     

自考生完美主义研究

目的 探讨自考生完美主义的现状.方法 采用自编完美主义问卷(SCPS)对742名自考生进行了调查.结果 ①自考生的完美主义可以聚类为健康型(40%)、障碍型(48%)和非完美型(12%).②自考生完美主义存在显著的文理科差异.结论 自考生的完美主义状况整体上偏低.     

Does perfectionism mediate or moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors?

A link between perfectionism and disordered eating has been documented in previous studies. The purpose of the current study was to expand our knowledge of the specific role of perfectionism in disordered eating by examining perfectionism as a mediator or a moderator in the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating (assessed using the EAT-26 and its subscales, and the Binge Scale). We sampled a large ethnically diverse sample of university women (N = 520) using two measures of perfectionism: the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale (EDI-P) and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (H-MPS). In general, socially prescribed and self-oriented perfectionism, but not other-oriented perfectionism, were correlated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, except binge eating. Furthermore, perfectionism was found to partially mediate and moderate the relation between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, however the strength of these associations differed depending on both the particular measure of perfectionism (EDI-P versus H-MPS) and the specific dimension of perfectionism (self-oriented, socially prescribed, other-oriented) used in the analyses. The findings are discussed in relation to the need for more informed and theoretically sound models of the development and maintenance of disordered eating.     

Asians differ from non‐Hispanic Whites in experimental pain sensitivity

This study examined differences between Asians and non‐Hispanic Whites (Whites) in pain sensitivity, and its relationship to mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). In 30 Whites (50% female) and 30 Asians (50% female), experimental pain sensitivity was assessed with a hand cold pressor task, yielding measures of pain threshold, tolerance, intensity, and unpleasantness. Mean arterial pressure and HR measurements taken at rest and in response to speech stress were assessed. Perceived stress, anxiety, perfectionism, parental criticism, parental expectations and depressive symptoms were also measured. The results indicated that for the cold pain test, Asians demonstrated significantly lower pain threshold and tolerance levels than Whites. Although no ethnic differences were seen for MAP or HR responses to stress, for Whites higher stress MAP levels were correlated with reduced pain sensitivity, while for Asians higher baseline and stress HR levels were correlated with reduced pain sensitivity. Asians reported higher parental expectations and greater parental criticism than Whites. For Asians only, higher levels of perfectionism were related to more depressive symptoms, anxiety and perceived stress. These results indicate that Asian Americans are more sensitive to experimental pain than Whites and suggest ethnic differences in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms (e.g. MAP and HR). The results may also have implications for understanding ethnic differences in clinical pain.