Role of Toll-like receptor 2 against Streptococcus uberis infection in primary mouse mammary epithelial cells

Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) play an important role against Streptococcus uberis infection which is one of the main causes of bovine mastitis and a potential threat to human health. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their mediated signaling pathways are critical in both innate and infection responses, yet their roles in anti-S. uberis infection in MECs remains poorly defined. In this work we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of TLR2 in inflammatory responses, where WT and TLR2^−/− mice were euthanized at 15–18 days gestation, and mammary gland tissues were collected aseptically. The mouse MECs (MMECs) were isolated by combined digestion with type I collagenase, hyaluronidase and trypsin. We challenged MMECs with S. uberis and quantified antioxidant capacity as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory cytokines and cell damage at different times. The loss of TLR2 function in MMECs results in more serious cell damage, increased cell adhesion, and significantly decreased ROS and mitochondrial ROS (mROS) with bactericidal function in response to S. uberis infection. Moreover, it was observed that the antioxidant capacity declined, and the production of TLR2-mediated cytokines (except CXC ligand 15) also were reduced. We demonstrated that TLR2 can mediate cellular anti-infective processes in MMECs by regulating the production of ROS and mROS and the secretion of cytokines. The results suggest an unpredicted role of TLR2 in MMECs in response to S. uberis infection.     

复合手术治疗硬脊膜外动静脉瘘合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例 并文献复习

目的 总结硬脊膜外动静脉瘘（SEDAVF）合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）的复合手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析复合手术治疗的1例SEDAVF合并SDAVF的临床资料，并结合文献分析。结果 首先经动脉途径进行ONYX胶栓塞，因胶弥散效果不佳，仅封堵供血动脉，瘘口及引流静脉仍可显影；然后，开放性手术烧灼硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉丛血管，但未剪开硬脊膜探查，术后7 d因并存SDAVF加重血流动力学改变并引起症状加重，再次行介入栓塞时处理SDAVF。术后6个月随访双下肢肌力恢复至4级，大小便功能正常。结论 SEDAVF处理的关键在于闭塞瘘口及近端引流静脉，对于合并的SDAVF，可选择介入治疗。单纯SEDAVF，可选择开放性手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迂曲的静脉湖；SEDAVF合并SDAVF，可先行介入栓塞瘘口，解除脊髓静脉高压综合征及硬脊膜外静脉湖压迫症状；如仍末治愈，可行开放手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉湖，解除对脊髓的压迫。     

An experimental vaccine composed of two adjuvants gives protection against Mycoplasma bovis in calves

Mycoplasma bovis is a major pathogen affecting cattle causing bronchopneumonia, mastitis, and other disorders. Only autogenous vaccines made specifically for individual farms are available in parts of Europe and the United States. A novel experimental vaccine composed of a field M. bovis isolate combined with saponin and Emulsigen^® adjuvants was evaluated. Eighteen 3–4 week old calves were placed in three equal groups: vaccinated (Vac), positive control (PC) and negative control (NC). The Vac calves were subcutaneously injected with 8 ml of the vaccine; the PC and NC calves received phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Three weeks later the Vac and PC calves were challenged with a virulent M. bovis strain, the NC group received PBS. Throughout the study clinical observations, microbiology and immunological tests were carried out. Three weeks post challenge two calves from each group were euthanased for necropsy and histopathological examination. The vaccine effectively stimulated the humoral immune response, with high titres of anti-M. bovis specific antibodies and total Ig concentration. This vaccine also intensified the IgA response. A clinically protective effect of the vaccine was demonstrated as it also reduced the gross pathological lung lesions and nasal shedding of M. bovis.     

Efficient Strategy to Generate a Vectored Duck Enteritis Virus Delivering Envelope of Duck Tembusu Virus

Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a recently emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has resulted in a huge economic loss in the duck industry. However, no vaccine is currently available to control this pathogen. Consequently, a practical strategy to construct a vaccine against this pathogen should be determined. In this study, duck enteritis virus (DEV) was examined as a candidate vaccine vector to deliver the envelope (E) of DTMUV. A modified mini-F vector was inserted into the SORF3 and US2 gene junctions of the attenuated DEV vaccine strain C-KCE genome to generate an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) of C-KCE (vBAC-C-KCE). The envelope (E) gene of DTMUV was inserted into the C-KCE genome through the mating-assisted genetically integrated cloning (MAGIC) strategy, resulting in the recombinant vector, pBAC-C-KCE-E. A bivalent vaccine C-KCE-E was generated by eliminating the BAC backbone. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis results indicated that the E proteins were vigorously expressed in C-KCE-E-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). Duck experiments demonstrated that the insertion of the E gene did not alter the protective efficacy of C-KCE. Moreover, C-KCE-E-immunized ducks induced neutralization antibodies against DTMUV. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that recombinant C-KCE-E can serve as a potential bivalent vaccine against DEV and DTMUV.     

细胞黏附分子CD99在人髓母细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的 探讨细胞黏附分子CD99在人髓母细胞瘤组织中的表达特点及其临床意义。方法 采用免疫组化法检测107例髓母细胞瘤及15例瘤旁正常脑组织标本中CD99的表达。所有病人均随访至死亡或截止至2013年12月，随访时间为12~80个月，利用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线进行生存分析。结果 髓母细胞瘤CD99阳性表达率（57.94%，62/107）明显高于瘤周正常脑组织（0%，0/15；P<0.05）。CD99的表达水平与病人性别、年龄、肿瘤的病理组织学分型和分子亚型均无明显相关性（P>0.05）。CD99的高表达与髓母细胞瘤病人的预后呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。结论 CD99高表达与髓母细胞瘤预后显著相关，可作为预后判断的指标及治疗髓母细胞瘤潜在的新靶点。     

小剂量阿托品对急性右冠状动脉梗塞介入治疗术中再灌注心律失常的影响

目的观察小剂量阿托品对急性右冠状动脉梗塞急诊冠状动脉(简称冠脉)介入治疗术中再灌注心律失常的影响。方法 128例冠脉造影显示急性右冠脉闭塞致心肌梗死(简称心梗)患者,分为阿托品组(66例)和对照组(62例),阿托品组冠脉开通前给予小剂量阿托品0.5 mg静脉注射,对照组不给予阿托品干预,观察两组再灌注心律失常发生情况。结果阿托品组发生再灌注心律失常27例,其中快速心律失常16例,缓慢心律失常11例,术后低血压13例,对照组发生再灌注心律失常47例,其中快速心律失常15例,缓慢心律失常32例,术后低血压24例,两组缓慢性心律失常和低血压发生率有显著差异(P<0.05),而两组快速心律失常发生率无统计学差异。结论对急性右冠脉心梗患者,急诊开通冠脉前,给予小剂量阿托品可以减少再灌注引起的缓慢性心律失常及低血压的发生率。     

人工神经导管基础与临床研究进展

周围神经损伤和缺损的治疗是显微外科的难题之一,神经缺损修复,尤其是长段周围神经缺损的重建仍是当前临床医学面临的一个难题,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗手段,一直以来自体神经移植是修复周围神经缺损最理想的手术方法,临床上已广泛应用,也是衡量各种神经桥接材料的"金标准".但往往会造成供体神经支配区感觉、功能障碍,且自体神经来源有限,因而临床上迫切需要更安全有效的治疗策略.近年来组织工程化神经为提高长节段周围神经缺损的修复带来了新希望,因此,寻找合适的组织材料,构建组织工程化神经是目前周围神经再生的研究热点.本文就人工神经移植物材料选择、支架构建及临床应用研究进展作一简要综述.