Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: A case-population study

BackgroundInfluenza is a common cause of severe respiratory illness, but risk factors for hospitalisation in low income settings with a high HIV prevalence are not well described. We aimed to assess risk factors associated with influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalisation in South Africa.MethodsWe conducted a case-population study using data on risk conditions in patients hospitalised with SARI and the national prevalence of these conditions. Data on hospitalised cases were from the national SARI surveillance program while data on the referent population were from the latest national census or health and demographic surveillance surveys.FindingsFrom 2009 to 2012, we identified 3646 (7.9%) of 46,031 enrolled cases of SARI that were associated with influenza infection. Risk factors associated with hospitalisation included previous history of smoking [case-population ratio (CPR) 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5–4.16], HIV infection (CPR 3.61, 95% CI 3.5–3.71), asthma (CPR 2.45, 95% CI 2.19–2.73), previous history of hospital admission in the past 12 months (CPR 2.07, 95% CI 1.92–2.23), and tuberculosis (CPR 1.85, 95% CI 1.68–2.02). When stratified by age, there is increased risk of hospitalisation in those ⩽5 years of age (CPR 3.07, 95% CI 2.93–3.21) and among those 35 years of age and above (CPR 1.23, 95% CI 1.28–1.18). Male sex (CPR 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.88) and completion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination schedule in children <5 years of age (CPR 0.74, 95% CI 0.71–0.77) were associated with decreased risk of hospitalisation.ConclusionThese results identify groups at high-risk for severe influenza who should be considered potential targets for influenza vaccination in South Africa and similar settings.     

2009年浙江省公共场所集中空调通风系统污染情况分析

目的:为了解浙江省集中空调通风系统卫生状况,以及公共场所集中空调卫生检测中存在的问题。方法:对全省11个地市及义乌市的240家公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生指标检测及调查。结果:送风中β-溶血性链球菌目前对空调系统没有造成污染;而送风中PM10合格率低和新风量不足对空调造成较大污染。结论:集中空调通风系统污染情况不容乐观,希望场所能贯彻卫生部三个规范,做好空调系统的日常卫生管理和清洗工作,配合卫生检测人员定期对空调系统的检测,保证空调系统运行期间室内空气品质。     

Comparison of islanded facial artery myomucosal flap with fasciocutaneous free flaps in the reconstruction of lateral oral tongue defects

The aim of this study was to determine whether the islanded facial artery myomucosal flap (iFAMM) is a good alternative to fasciocutaneous free flaps (FCFF) in the reconstruction of lateral oral tongue defects. This was a retrospective study of 40 patients with oral tongue cancers (lateral lesions not >4 cm) operated on between August 2014 and March 2017, who underwent primary reconstruction with either an iFAMM or FCFF. The two groups were compared with respect to intraoperative time, total intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay, complications, speech, swallowing, aesthetics, donor site morbidity, and economic feasibility. Patients who had an iFAMM had a reduced operating time, duration of ICU stay, and length of hospitalization; this flap was also more economically feasible. Better aesthetics and less donor site morbidity were also seen. The iFAMM is an alternative to FCFF in the reconstruction of lateral oral tongue defects, as it is less technically demanding, has good aesthetic outcomes, and is more economical, with acceptable donor site morbidity.     

Time series analysis of dengue fever and weather in Guangzhou, China

Background  

Monitoring and predicting dengue incidence facilitates early public health responses to minimize morbidity and mortality. Weather variables are potential predictors of dengue incidence. This study explored the impact of weather variability on the transmission of dengue fever in the subtropical city of Guangzhou, China.     

The effect of weight regain on cardiometabolic health in children with obesity: A systematic review of clinical studies

AimsChildren with obesity are treated by a lifestyle intervention to obtain weight loss. Nevertheless, weight regain often occurs. This systematic review examines the effect of weight regain on cardiometabolic health and summarizes these results in the metabolic syndrome prevalence as integrated endpoint.Data synthesisA literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Studies were selected if they included participants aged <18 years with obesity and presented data before and after weight loss and after weight regain hereby reporting minimally 1 cardiovascular risk factor at every assessment. After screening, nine articles remained.Generally, the diastolic BP re-increased after weight regain, whereas for systolic BP a sustained result for 6 months was reported with an increase during longer follow-up. No significant changes in fasting glucose were reported after weight regain compared to baseline. Regarding triglycerides, a complete weight regain re-increased the lowered values to baseline, whereas a partial regain resulted in a sustained decrease in triglycerides in 2 studies and an increase to intermediate levels in 1 paper. HDL-cholesterol only rose several months after initiating treatment. Hs-CRP remained lowered for a longer period than the moment where the weight loss nadir was achieved.ConclusionResearch on weight regain and cardiometabolic health in children with obesity is scarce. No convincing evidence was found for a worsening of the cardiometabolic profile after weight regain. Some benefits even persisted despite weight recovery. Subsequently, the metabolic syndrome prevalence seems temporarily lowered after weight loss, despite weight regain.     

2007年浙江省血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握2007年浙江省国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情状况。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》，在常山县开展血吸虫病监测。结果2007年未查出当地病人、病畜和输入性传染源：监测村查出有螺面积1730m2，活螺平均密度0．04只／0．11m2，未查到感染性钉螺。结论监测点尚有残存钉螺．仍应加强监测点的螺情和传染源监测工作。     

浙江省成年人群肥胖及体育锻炼等因素与糖尿病风险分析

目的 探讨肥胖与体育锻炼、静坐休闲时间、职业劳动强度联合对2型糖尿病和糖调节受损(IGR)的关系.方法 利用2010年浙江省代谢综合征患病率调查的17 437名≥18岁人群调查数据,采用logistic回归模型分析比较不同肥胖程度与不同体育锻炼水平、静坐休闲时间、职业劳动强度下各亚组人群糖尿病患病和IGR风险.结果 在同一静坐休闲时间组,按BMI标准的肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的2.52～2.75倍,按WC标准的过度肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常组的2.09 ～ 3.71倍;在同一职业劳动强度组,按BMI标准的肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的2.19 ～ 5.98倍,按WC标准的过度肥胖组糖尿病发生风险是正常组的3.10～6.25倍.肥胖与体育锻炼强度联合分析发现,在按BMI分组分析时,无体育锻炼者中,肥胖组的糖尿病发生风险是正常及低体重组的3.21倍,但在体育锻炼者中未观察到发生糖尿病的风险随BMI增长而增加的规律,也未观察到体育锻炼对糖尿病患病风险影响的规律.在按WC分组分析时,3个锻炼水平下均可见肥胖程度越高,糖尿病患病风险越大,同一锻炼水平下,过度肥胖组的糖尿病发生风险是正常组的1.68 ～ 4.23倍.结论 与增加体育锻炼、减少静坐时间相比,控制BMI和WC对糖尿病的预防更加重要;在考虑体育锻炼水平时,WC是比BMI更好的糖尿病和IGR的预测指标.     

手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果研究进展

《医务人员手卫生规范WS/T 313—2019》修订版出台后更规范了医务人员手消毒的要求。手消毒剂是提高手卫生效果，降低手传播病原微生物的有效工具，国家强制性标准《手消毒剂卫生要求GB 27950—2010》规定了手消毒剂的卫生要求，但对灭活病毒指标却没有提出具体要求。目前，市场上常用的手消毒剂以醇类或以乙醇为溶剂的产品为主，而醇类消毒剂对于消毒抗力较强的肠道病毒灭活效果有争议。本文就手消毒剂对肠道病毒灭活效果的国内外研究进行综述，为医务人员合理选择手消毒剂提供参考。     

Effect of endurance exercise on airway cells in runners

Introduction. – Long-term effort and resistance in athletes are often associated with symptoms and signs of airway inflammation. The use of induced sputum is a convenient method of assessing airway inflammatory cells. In this study we investigate the effect of endurance exercise on total and differential airway cell counts.Synthesis. – Instead the absence of post-exercise respiratory symptoms or spirometric changes, airway cell counts change significantly: runners showed increased neutrophil and lymphocyte differential count (P < 0,01).Conclusion. – Physical exertion, particularly when prolonged, causes significant stress to the respiratory system. Associated hyperventilation and airway exposure to contaminants of inhaled air could explain cellular changes.