海绵共附生链霉菌Streptomyces parvulus 162432次级代谢产物研究

目的 研究海绵共附生链霉菌Streptomyces parvulus 162432的化学成分。方法 采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶填料（ODS）中压柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等技术进行分离纯化,得到的单体化合物采用HR-ESI-MS、NMR以及文献比对等方法进行鉴定,新化合物的绝对构型通过计算NMR和圆二色谱（ECD）确定。结果 从菌株Streptomyces parvulus 162432中分离纯化了9个环二肽类化合物,包括1个新化合物链霉菌二肽A（1）和8个已知化合物：环-(D-顺式-羟脯氨酸-L-苯丙氨酸)（2）、环-(D-脯氨酸-D-苯丙氨酸)（3）、环-(L-羟脯氨酸-L-亮氨酸)（4）、环-(L-羟脯氨酸-D-亮氨酸)（5）、环-(D-脯氨酸- L-亮氨酸)（6）、环-(L-脯氨酸-D-亮氨酸)（7）、环-(D-脯氨酸-L-异亮氨酸)（8）、环-(L-亮氨酸-D-缬氨酸)（9）。对分离得到的化合物1～9进行肿瘤细胞增殖细胞毒和抗菌活性评价,活性结果显示,化合物1～9在10 μg/mL下对肿瘤细胞增殖均未显示出明显的细胞毒活性;化合物9对苏云金芽孢杆菌显示抑菌活性,最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）为25 μg/mL。结论 化合物1为新化合物,化合物2和4～9为首次从链霉菌Streptomyces parvulus中分离得到,化合物9具有一定的抗菌活性。     

The prevalence of stroke and related risk factors among residents aged ≥ 40 years in Chongqing,Southwest China

Journal of Public Health - China bears the largest global stroke burden, yet little is known about its rates in Chongqing, southwest China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and related risk...     

Single-cell transcriptome atlas reveals protective characteristics of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines in many aspects. We previously developed a lipopolyplex (LPP)-based mRNA vaccine (SW0123) that demonstrated robust immunogenicity and strong protective capacity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mice and rhesus macaques. However, the immune profiles and mechanisms of pulmonary protection induced by SW0123 remain unclear. Through high-resolution single-cell analysis, we found that SW0123 vaccination effectively suppressed SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages and increasing the frequency of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In addition, the apoptotic process in both lung epithelial and endothelial cells was significantly inhibited, which was proposed to be one major mechanism contributing to vaccine-induced lung protection. Cell−cell interaction in the lung compartment was also altered by vaccination. These data collectively unravel the mechanisms by which the SW0123 protects against lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

神经节苷脂对早产儿脑白质损伤的临床疗效观察与分析

目的探讨神经节苷脂(GM1)在早产儿脑白质损伤治疗中的临床意义。 方法对入住北京大学第一医院新生儿ICU病房的早产儿于生后1周内常规行床旁头颅B超检查，将确诊为脑白质损伤(WMD)的89例患儿分为GM1治疗组及对照组。在积极治疗早产儿各项并发症的基础上，治疗组另给予GM1治疗，动态观察头颅B超的变化情况并进行随访。 结果在收治的356例早产儿中，确诊WMD的患儿89例，发生率为25%。第一疗程GM 1治疗后，经头颅B超的动态观察，治疗组的56例均较对照组好转，差异有显著性(P<0.05)。治疗组中有33例患儿追踪至生后6个月，头颅超声显示16例出现了脑室扩大，占48%；2例出现了明显的智力及运动发育落后，约占6%；5例表现为限局性的肌张力、运动异常及轻微的认知障碍，占15%。对照组中有10例患儿追踪至生后6个月，8例出现脑室扩大，占80%；3例出现了明显的智力及运动发育落后，占30%；2例出现了轻微的认知及行为障碍，占20%。 结论GM 1可减少脑白质软化及持续性病变的发生，改善预后。     

Rutin exhibits hepatoprotective effects in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by reducing hepatic lipid levels and mitigating lipid-induced oxidative injuries

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatic lipids and oxidative injury of hepatocytes. Rutin is a natural flavonoid with significant roles in combating cellular oxidative stress and regulating lipid metabolism. The current study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying rutin's hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Rutin treatment was applied to male C57BL/6 mice maintained on a high-fat diet and HepG2 cells challenged with oleic acid. Hepatic lipid accumulation was evaluated by triglyceride assay and Oil Red O staining. Oxidative hepatic injury was assessed by malondialdehyde assay, superoxide dismutase assay and reactive oxygen species assay. The expression levels of various lipogenic and lipolytic genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. In addition, liver autophagy was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In both fat-challenged murine liver tissues and HepG2 cells, rutin treatment was shown to significantly lower triglyceride content and the abundance of lipid droplets. Rutin was also found to reduce cellular malondialdehyde level and restore superoxide dismutase activity in hepatocytes. Among the various lipid-related genes, rutin treatment was able to restore the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and its downstream targets, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and 2 (CPT-1 and CPT-2), while suppressing those of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), diglyceride acyltransfase 1 and 2 (DGAT-1 and 2), as well as acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, rutin was shown to repress the autophagic function of liver tissues by down-regulating key autophagy biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The experimental data demonstrated that rutin could reduce triglyceride content and mitigate oxidative injuries in fat-enriched hepatocytes. The hypolipidemic properties of rutin could be attributed to its ability to simultaneously facilitate fatty acid metabolism and inhibit lipogenesis.     

Cutting edge issues in autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease affecting all age groups worldwide. Novel basic and clinical aspects of AIH, addressed at a Monothematic Conference in London in September 2015, are highlighted in this review. The diagnosis of AIH relies upon detection of characteristic autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinemia, and interface hepatitis on liver histology. The International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) has devised diagnostic scoring systems to help in comparative studies and clinical practice. AIH arises in a genetically predisposed host, when yet unknown triggers – such an encounter with a pathogen – lead to a T cell-mediated immune response targeting liver autoantigens. This immune response is inadequately controlled because regulatory mechanisms are impaired. The mainstay of treatment for AIH is immunosuppression, which should be instituted as soon as the diagnosis is made. Standard treatment regimens include relatively high doses of predniso(lo)ne, which are tapered gradually as azathioprine is introduced. Recent guidelines have described newer treatment regimens and have tightened the goal of therapy to complete normalization of biochemical, serological and histological parameters. Mycophenolate mofetil, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors and biological agents are potential salvage therapies, but should be reserved for selected non-responsive patients and administered only in experienced centers. Liver transplantation is a life-saving option for those patients who progress to end-stage liver disease. Further dissection of cellular and molecular pathways involved in AIH pathogenesis is likely to lead to the discovery of novel, tailored and better tolerated therapies.