The prevalence of dementia in urban and rural areas of China

ObjectiveThe Chinese population has been aging rapidly and the country's economy has experienced exponential growth during the past three decades. The goal of this study was to estimate the changes in the prevalence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) among elderly Chinese individuals and to analyze differences between urban and rural areas.MethodsFor the years 2008 to 2009, we performed a population-based cross-sectional survey with a multistage cluster sampling design. Residents aged 65 years and older were drawn from 30 urban (n = 6096) and 45 rural (n = 4180) communities across China. Participants were assessed with a series of clinical examinations and neuropsychological measures. Dementia, AD, and VaD were diagnosed according to established criteria via standard diagnostic procedures.ResultsThe prevalence of dementia, AD, and VaD among individuals aged 65 years and older were 5.14% (95% CI, 4.71–5.57), 3.21% (95% CI, 2.87–3.55), and 1.50% (95% CI, 1.26–1.74), respectively. The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in rural areas than in urban ones (6.05% vs. 4.40%, P < .001). The same regional difference was also seen for AD (4.25% vs. 2.44%, P < .001) but not for VaD (1.28% vs. 1.61%, P = .166). The difference in AD was not evident when the sample was stratified by educational level. Moreover, the risk factors for AD and VaD differed for urban and rural populations.ConclusionsA notably higher prevalence of dementia and AD was found in rural areas than in urban ones, and education might be an important reason for the urban–rural differences.     

Factors associated to repeated influenza vaccination in the Portuguese adults with chronic conditions

Annual influenza vaccination is recommended to people with chronic conditions. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of chronically ill adults vaccinated against influenza in consecutive seasons and to identify associated factors.We used data from the first National Health Examination Survey (INSEF), a cross-sectional study conducted in 2015 on a probabilistic sample of individuals aged 25–74 years. The population was restricted to individuals who self-reported diabetes, a respiratory, cardiovascular, liver or kidney disease. Self-reported vaccination in 4 consecutive seasons was categorized in 3 levels: unvaccinated, occasionally (vaccinated 1–3 seasons) and repeatedly vaccinated (in all 4 seasons). A multinomial logistic regression was applied to estimate odds-ratio (OR) of influenza vaccination according to sociodemographic factors, chronic condition, health care use and status.In the target population, the 2014/15 influenza vaccine coverage was 33.8% (95% CI: 29.8–38.1). The higher coverage was found in individuals reporting renal disease (66.7%) and diabetes (43.8%). The coverage decreased to 32.6%, 26.0% and 20.8% for individuals with respiratory, cardiovascular and liver diseases, respectively. The probability of being repeatedly vaccinated, compared to unvaccinated, was higher in males (OR = 2.14: 95% CI: 1.31–3.52); aged 65 and 74 (OR = 4.39; 95% CI: 1.99–9.69); whom had an appointment with a general practitioner (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.00–7.66) or other physician (OR = 3.95: 95% CI: 2.53–6.16); with no smoking habits (OR = 1.58; 95% I: 1.02–2.46) and reporting diabetes (OR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.02–4.45). Finally, having a self-reported cardiovascular condition decreased the likelihood of being occasionally (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.22–0.65) vaccinated against influenza.Younger individuals, females and the ones with a self-reported cardiovascular condition were identified as more likely of non-compliance to the vaccine uptake recommendation. Future vaccination strategies should focus on the previous identified population subgroups. Also, the medical recommendation of the influenza vaccine uptake should continue and be reinforced particularly in individuals with a cardiovascular condition.     

一起单增李斯特菌引起新生儿败血症的溯源研究

目的 调查自贡市1例单核细胞增生性李斯特菌所引起的新生儿败血症病原学及流行病学特征,为防控提供参考。 方法 检测新生儿血液样本、产妇阴道及外阴拭子样本中的单增李斯特菌,采集该新生儿家庭住所的食品及环境样本、住所附近农贸市场的食品样本,检测样本中的单增李斯特菌,同时对产妇进行问卷调查;对分离到的单增李斯特菌进行血清型鉴定,并运用多位点序列分型（MLST）,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）技术研究菌株的同源性。 结果 从新生儿及其母亲样品中分离到7株单增李斯特菌、居住地附近的农贸市场凉拌熟食摊中分离到1株,8株菌株的血清型均为1/2b,ST型均为ST87型,PFGE带型相似度100%。 感染母亲与市场中污染凉拌熟肉的单增李斯特菌来自同一污染源,新生儿李斯特菌感染由母婴垂直传播导致。 结论 凉拌熟肉制品很可能是孕产妇单增李斯特菌感染的危险因素,需要在食品安全风险监测项目中重点监测。 围产期妇女单增李斯特菌感染的筛查应作为产妇产检的重要内容。      

我国脑膜炎奈瑟菌中nalP基因的分布特征

目的 了解我国脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Nm）菌株的nalP基因分布特征,为其功能和作用机制研究提供依据。 方法 采用多位点序列分型方法对187株分离自我国的Nm菌株进行分子分型。利用菌株全基因组框架图获得nalP基因及其两侧序列,对基因序列进行同源性比对及聚类分析。 结果 178株Nm携带nalP基因;Nm中nalP基因与淋病奈瑟菌（Ng）中nalP基因的同源性为95% ~ 96%,但系统进化分析明显分为两支,两侧间隔区同源性＞85%。9株无nalP基因菌株中6株为?nalP2型,新发现3种排布方式。C群患者和健康携带者来源phase on菌株数差异有统计学意义。 结论 Nm中nalP基因可能由Ng获得后各自独立进化,无nalP基因菌株可能是nalP基因丢失,能够表达NalP的C群患者来源菌株可能缺失NalP的补偿机制。      

巴尔通体对19种抗生素体外敏感性分析

目的 检测巴尔通体菌株对10类19种抗生素最低抑菌浓度（MICs）,分析药物敏感性及耐药性,为指导临床用药和耐药监测提供实验和数据参考。方法 采用E试验法,检测巴尔通体属11种、35株菌株对强力霉素、阿奇霉素、利福平等19种抗生素的MICs。将培养的巴尔通体菌制成McFarland（MCF）2.0浊度的菌悬液,均匀涂布于含5%去纤维羊血的胰酶大豆琼脂培养基上,置5% CO2的37℃培养箱培养。培养5~7 d后判读MICs。结果 35株巴尔通体菌在体外对强力霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素、克拉仙霉素等13种抗生素敏感,MICs 0.016 mg/L;34株对利福平敏感,MICs 0.002 mg/L;对克林霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、万古霉素、多粘菌素和磺胺类5种抗生素不敏感,MICs较高。结论 绝大多数巴尔通体菌对强力霉素等14种抗生素敏感,但也对克林霉素等5种抗生素不敏感,在对巴尔通体病进行治疗时要注意选择敏感药物。     

1995-2016年新疆维吾尔自治区伤寒沙门菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型分析

目的 通过对新疆维吾尔自治区（新疆）1995-2016年伤寒沙门菌进行分子流行学特征分析,为今后监测和疫情预警提供依据。方法 利用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对527株伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型和流行特征研究。结果 527株伤寒沙门菌分为145个PFGE带型,条带相似度为57.42%~100.00%。有部分带型多年持续存在,且出现在不同地区。共发现32组分子分型成簇性病例。结论 新疆伤寒沙门菌在基因型上存在高度多态性,同时也有优势带型长期连续存在,且存在分子分型成簇性病例,需要加强实验室监测。     

2015-2016年全国和高发省份伤寒、副伤寒流行病学分析

目的 分析2015-2016年伤寒、副伤寒法定报告病例数,了解全国及高发省份流行病学特点和变化趋势,为防控措施和策略的制定提供依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对网络直报系统中2015-2016年伤寒、副伤寒报告病例数进行分析。结果 2015-2016年全国共报告伤寒、副伤寒病例22 536例,死亡2例,年平均发病率为0.83/10万,较2014年的伤寒、副伤寒发病率下降18.63%。监测点共对14 465份血样标本进行培养,分离出菌株289株,阳性分离率为2.00%,伤寒与副伤寒之比为1.21:1。病例均以农民和民工为主,其次为散居儿童和在校学生,伤寒、副伤寒发病率均以0~4岁组儿童最高（分别为1.70/10万和0.80/10万）。贵州、云南、广西、广东、浙江、湖南和新疆为疫情高发省份,非监测点病例数上升。结论 2015-2016年全国伤寒、副伤寒发病水平处于相对较低的状态,<10岁儿童是防控重点人群,伤寒菌成为优势菌型,应加强非监测点疫情监测。     

Determination of fluoroquinolones in chicken feces – A new liquid–liquid extraction method combined with LC–MS/MS

The application of antibiotics including fluoroquinolones to farming animals is widespread and may lead to the development of antibiotic resistance and other environmental effects. To calculate environmental loads and for a proper risk assessment it is necessary to determine the antibiotic concentration in feces. Therefore, a new liquid–liquid extraction method combined with HPLC–MS/MS for the detection of marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and difloxacin in chicken feces was developed. Recoveries ranged from 51.0% to 83.5%. LOQs were between 0.10 and 1.09 μg/kg. Feces of chickens treated with an enrofloxacin dosage of 10 mg/kg bodyweight revealed maximum enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations of 61.3 and 18.8 mg/kg. Both antibiotics could be detected in feces up to two days after the last application in notable amounts (∼1 mg/kg). Thus, feces of recently medicated chickens should not be used as a fertilizer without any further processing.     

Targeting of rotavirus VP6 to DEC-205 induces protection against the infection in mice

Rotavirus (RV) is the primary etiologic agent of severe gastroenteritis in human infants. Although two attenuated RV-based vaccines have been licensed to be applied worldwide, they are not so effective in low-income countries, and the induced protection mechanisms have not been clearly established. Thus, it is important to develop new generation vaccines that induce long lasting heterotypic immunity. VP6 constitutes the middle layer protein of the RV virion. It is the most conserved protein and it is the target of protective T-cells; therefore, it is a potential candidate antigen for a new generation vaccine against the RV infection. We determined whether targeting the DEC-205 present in dendritic cells (DCs) with RV VP6 could induce protection at the intestinal level. VP6 was cross-linked to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against murine DEC-205 (αDEC-205:VP6), and BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) twice with the conjugated containing 1.5 μg of VP6 in the presence of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) as adjuvant. As controls and following the same protocol, mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) cross-linked to the mAb anti-DEC-205 (αDEC-205:OVA), VP6 cross-linked to a control isotype mAb (Isotype:VP6), 3 μg of VP6 alone, Poly I:C or PBS. Two weeks after the last inoculation, mice were orally challenged with a murine RV. Mice immunized with α-DEC-205:VP6 and VP6 alone presented similar levels of serum Abs to VP6 previous to the virus challenge. However, after the virus challenge, only α-DEC-205:VP6 induced up to a 45% IgA-independent protection. Memory T-helper (Th) cells from the spleen and the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) showed a Th1-type response upon antigen stimulation in vitro. These results show that when VP6 is administered parenterally targeting DEC-205, it can induce protection at the intestinal level at a very low dose, and this protection may be Th1-type cell dependent.