一起单增李斯特菌引起新生儿败血症的溯源研究

目的 调查自贡市1例单核细胞增生性李斯特菌所引起的新生儿败血症病原学及流行病学特征,为防控提供参考。 方法 检测新生儿血液样本、产妇阴道及外阴拭子样本中的单增李斯特菌,采集该新生儿家庭住所的食品及环境样本、住所附近农贸市场的食品样本,检测样本中的单增李斯特菌,同时对产妇进行问卷调查;对分离到的单增李斯特菌进行血清型鉴定,并运用多位点序列分型（MLST）,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）技术研究菌株的同源性。 结果 从新生儿及其母亲样品中分离到7株单增李斯特菌、居住地附近的农贸市场凉拌熟食摊中分离到1株,8株菌株的血清型均为1/2b,ST型均为ST87型,PFGE带型相似度100%。 感染母亲与市场中污染凉拌熟肉的单增李斯特菌来自同一污染源,新生儿李斯特菌感染由母婴垂直传播导致。 结论 凉拌熟肉制品很可能是孕产妇单增李斯特菌感染的危险因素,需要在食品安全风险监测项目中重点监测。 围产期妇女单增李斯特菌感染的筛查应作为产妇产检的重要内容。      

我国脑膜炎奈瑟菌中nalP基因的分布特征

目的 了解我国脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Nm）菌株的nalP基因分布特征,为其功能和作用机制研究提供依据。 方法 采用多位点序列分型方法对187株分离自我国的Nm菌株进行分子分型。利用菌株全基因组框架图获得nalP基因及其两侧序列,对基因序列进行同源性比对及聚类分析。 结果 178株Nm携带nalP基因;Nm中nalP基因与淋病奈瑟菌（Ng）中nalP基因的同源性为95% ~ 96%,但系统进化分析明显分为两支,两侧间隔区同源性＞85%。9株无nalP基因菌株中6株为?nalP2型,新发现3种排布方式。C群患者和健康携带者来源phase on菌株数差异有统计学意义。 结论 Nm中nalP基因可能由Ng获得后各自独立进化,无nalP基因菌株可能是nalP基因丢失,能够表达NalP的C群患者来源菌株可能缺失NalP的补偿机制。      

巴尔通体对19种抗生素体外敏感性分析

目的 检测巴尔通体菌株对10类19种抗生素最低抑菌浓度（MICs）,分析药物敏感性及耐药性,为指导临床用药和耐药监测提供实验和数据参考。方法 采用E试验法,检测巴尔通体属11种、35株菌株对强力霉素、阿奇霉素、利福平等19种抗生素的MICs。将培养的巴尔通体菌制成McFarland（MCF）2.0浊度的菌悬液,均匀涂布于含5%去纤维羊血的胰酶大豆琼脂培养基上,置5% CO2的37℃培养箱培养。培养5~7 d后判读MICs。结果 35株巴尔通体菌在体外对强力霉素、阿奇霉素、红霉素、克拉仙霉素等13种抗生素敏感,MICs 0.016 mg/L;34株对利福平敏感,MICs 0.002 mg/L;对克林霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、万古霉素、多粘菌素和磺胺类5种抗生素不敏感,MICs较高。结论 绝大多数巴尔通体菌对强力霉素等14种抗生素敏感,但也对克林霉素等5种抗生素不敏感,在对巴尔通体病进行治疗时要注意选择敏感药物。     

一起接种疫苗引起的布鲁氏菌病疫情报告

目的 为查明2017年甘肃省天祝县接种疫苗致防疫员感染布鲁氏菌病（布病）的原因、感染来源和危险因素,及时采取针对性控制措施。方法 搜索相关病例和进行个案调查,查阅临床诊断治疗资料和实验室检测结果。结果 个案调查59例人间布病病例,86.44%（51/59）病例发生在家畜防疫员,防疫员于2016年11-12月参与了天祝县羊群布鲁氏菌病活疫苗（S2株）的免疫接种工作。参加S2株免疫接种引起布病感染率为24.76%（51/206）,感染未造成严重布病病例。疫苗接种工作中未按照生物安全规范要求防护。结论 本次疫情为接触S2株疫苗而引起的人间布病疫情。建议畜牧兽医部门要强化防疫员的布病防护知识,按生物安全规范防护开展接种工作。     

1995-2016年新疆维吾尔自治区伤寒沙门菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型分析

目的 通过对新疆维吾尔自治区（新疆）1995-2016年伤寒沙门菌进行分子流行学特征分析,为今后监测和疫情预警提供依据。方法 利用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对527株伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型和流行特征研究。结果 527株伤寒沙门菌分为145个PFGE带型,条带相似度为57.42%~100.00%。有部分带型多年持续存在,且出现在不同地区。共发现32组分子分型成簇性病例。结论 新疆伤寒沙门菌在基因型上存在高度多态性,同时也有优势带型长期连续存在,且存在分子分型成簇性病例,需要加强实验室监测。     

2015-2016年全国和高发省份伤寒、副伤寒流行病学分析

目的 分析2015-2016年伤寒、副伤寒法定报告病例数,了解全国及高发省份流行病学特点和变化趋势,为防控措施和策略的制定提供依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对网络直报系统中2015-2016年伤寒、副伤寒报告病例数进行分析。结果 2015-2016年全国共报告伤寒、副伤寒病例22 536例,死亡2例,年平均发病率为0.83/10万,较2014年的伤寒、副伤寒发病率下降18.63%。监测点共对14 465份血样标本进行培养,分离出菌株289株,阳性分离率为2.00%,伤寒与副伤寒之比为1.21:1。病例均以农民和民工为主,其次为散居儿童和在校学生,伤寒、副伤寒发病率均以0~4岁组儿童最高（分别为1.70/10万和0.80/10万）。贵州、云南、广西、广东、浙江、湖南和新疆为疫情高发省份,非监测点病例数上升。结论 2015-2016年全国伤寒、副伤寒发病水平处于相对较低的状态,<10岁儿童是防控重点人群,伤寒菌成为优势菌型,应加强非监测点疫情监测。     

Patient awareness of healthcare-associated infection risk and prevention: Has there been a change in 3 decades (1989-2019)?

Using a 1989 baseline study, we surveyed 1,004 US consumers in 2019 on education and awareness of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) risk and prevention. Awareness of HAI risk remains unchanged (62% vs 65%) but belief HAIs are preventable dropped (83% vs 28%). Medical professionals and the internet are top information sources.     

Long term effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine in children

BackgroundImmunological studies have indicated that the effectiveness of AS03 adjuvanted monovalent influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine (Pandemrix^®) may be of longer duration than what is seen for non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines. Sixty-nine percent of children 6 months–18 years of age in Stockholm County received at least one dose of Pandemrix^® during the 2009 pandemic. We studied the effectiveness of the vaccine during the influenza seasons 2010–2011 and 2012–2013 in children hospitalized with virologically confirmed influenza. The season 2011–2012 was not included, since influenza A(H3N2) was the predominant circulating strain.MethodsIn a retrospective case-control study using a modified test-negative design we compared the percentage vaccinated with Pandemrix^® among children diagnosed with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (cases), with that of those diagnosed with influenza A(H3N2) or influenza B (controls) during the two seasons. We excluded children born after July 1, 2009, since only children who were 6 months of age or older received the pandemic vaccine in October–December 2009.ResultsDuring the 2010–2011 season, 3/16 (19%) of children diagnosed with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, vs. 32/41 (78%) of those with influenza A(H3N2) or influenza B had been vaccinated with Pandemrix^® in 2009. The odds ratio, after adjustment for sex, age and underlying diseases, for becoming a case when vaccinated with Pandemrix^® was 0.083 (95%CI 0.014, 0.36), corresponding to a VE of 91.7%. During the season 2012–2013, there was no difference between the two groups; 59% of children diagnosed with influenza A(H3N2)/B and 60% of those with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 had been vaccinated with Pandemrix^® in 2009.ConclusionThe AS03 adjuvanted monovalent influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine (Pandemrix^®) was effective in preventing hospital admission for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in children during at least two seasons.     

A systematic review of the social and economic burden of influenza in low- and middle-income countries

ObjectivesThe economic burden of seasonal influenza outbreaks as well as influenza pandemics in lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC) has yet to be specifically systematically reviewed. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the evidence of influenza economic burden assessment methods in LMIC and to quantify the economic consequences of influenza disease in these countries, including broader opportunity costs in terms of impaired social progress and economic development.MethodsWe conducted an all language literature search across 5 key databases using an extensive list of key words for the time period 1950–2013. We included studies which explored direct costs (medical and non-medical), indirect costs (productivity losses), and broader economic impact in LMIC associated with different influenza outcomes such as confirmed seasonal influenza infection, influenza-like illnesses, and pandemic influenza.ResultsWe included 62 full-text studies in English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese languages, mostly from the countries of Latin American and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific with pertinent cost data found in 39 papers. Estimates for direct and indirect costs were the highest in Latin American and the Caribbean. Compared to high-income economies, direct costs in LMIC were lower and productivity losses higher. Evidence on broader impact of influenza included impact on the wider national economy, security dimension, medical insurance policy, legal frameworks, distributional impact, and investment flows.ConclusionThe economic burden of influenza in LMIC encompasses multiple dimensions such as direct costs to the health service and households, indirect costs due to productivity losses as well as broader detriments to the wider economy. Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and in pregnant women remains very limited. Heterogeneity of methods used to estimate cost components makes data synthesis challenging. There is a strong need for standardizing research, data collection and evaluation methods for both direct and indirect cost components.     

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Vietnam 2011–2012—CRS epidemic after rubella epidemic in 2010–2011

BackgroundRubella is endemic in Vietnam with epidemics occurring every 4–5 years. In 2011, Vietnam experienced the large nationwide rubella epidemic. During the rubella epidemic, many infants born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were identified and reported from the neonatal units or cardiology departments of the national hospitals. To understand the burden of CRS, National Expanded Program on Immunization (NEPI) established sentinel CRS surveillance system.MethodThree national paediatric hospitals in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) were selected as CRS sentinel surveillance sites. Blood specimens from the infants were collected for rubella specific IgM and ELISA testing was performed at the national measles and rubella laboratory.ResultsFrom January 2011 to December 2012, 424 infants with suspected CRS were identified and reported. Among them 406 (96%) had specimens obtained, 284 (70%) cases were IgM positive including 279 laboratory confirmed CRS and 5 Congenital Rubella Infection (CRI). 13 cases were clinically confirmed and 127 (30%) were discarded. Total 292 infants were confirmed as CRS. Of the 292 infants with CRS, 69% of mothers had a history of “fever and rash” during pregnancy, of which 85% was in the first trimester. The most common clinical defects were congenital heart disease and cataract(s). However, 81.9% of the infants had a combination of major and minor signs and symptoms. Low birth weight in full term infants with confirmed CRS was observed in 114 infants (39%).ConclusionsThe newly established CRS sentinel surveillance system documented the significant burden of CRS in Vietnam and provided evidence to the policy makers for the introduction of rubella containing vaccine (RCV) into Vietnam. This report highlights the importance of countries with rubella epidemic to establish CRS surveillance rapidly in order to support the introduction of RCV into the routine Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) immunization.