Oral and fecal polio vaccine excretion following bOPV vaccination among Israeli infants

IntroductionInactivated polio virus (IPV) vaccinations are a mainstay of immunization schedules in developed countries, while oral polio vaccine (OPV) is administered in developing countries and is the main vaccine in outbreaks. Due to circulating wild poliovirus (WPV1) detection in Israel (2013), oral bivalent polio vaccination (bOPV) was administered to IPV primed children and incorporated into the vaccination regimen.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the extent and timeframe of fecal and salivary polio vaccine virus (Sabin strains) shedding following bOPV vaccination among IPV primed children.MethodsFecal samples were collected from a convenience sample of infants and toddlers attending 11 Israeli daycare centers. Salivary samples were collected from infants and toddlers following bOPV vaccination.Results398 fecal samples were collected from 251 children (ages: 6–32 months), 168 received bOPV vaccination 4–55 days prior to sample collection. Fecal excretion continued among 80 %, 50 %, and 20 %, 2, 3, and 7 weeks following vaccination. There were no significant differences in the rate and duration of positive samples among children immunized with 3 or 4 IPV doses. Boys were 2.3-fold more likely to excrete the virus (p = 0.006). Salivary shedding of Sabin strains occurred in 1/47 (2 %) and 1/49 (2 %) samples 4, and 6 days following vaccination respectively.ConclusionsFecal detection of Sabin strains among IPV-primed children continues for 7 weeks; additional doses of IPV do not augment intestinal immunity; limited salivary shedding occurs for up to a week. This data can enhance understanding of intestinal immunity achieved by different vaccination schedules and guide recommendations for contact precautions of children following bOPV vaccination.     

Parental preferences for HPV vaccination in junior middle school girls in China: A discrete choice experiment

BackgroundCervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Chinese women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have not yet been introduced in the Chinese national immunization program, and people vaccinate voluntarily at their own expense. Therefore, it is important to study the factors that could impact parents' decisions for HPV vaccination.ObjectiveTo quantify parental preferences regarding HPV vaccination for junior middle school-aged girls.MethodA discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was conducted to assess parents' preferences for HPV vaccines. Data were collected from parents of girls aged 12–16 years in 11 middle schools of Shandong Province. We evaluated preferences for five attributes of HPV vaccination (vaccine effectiveness, protection duration, risk of side effects, cost, and vaccination location). Conditional logit regressions were adopted for analyses.Results995 parents completed valid DCE questions. All attributes influenced parents’ willingness to vaccinate. Comparatively highly educated parents preferred more on higher vaccine effectiveness and lower side effects risks while more intended to accept higher prices. Parents were willing to trade 2326.32 CNY for an increase in HPV vaccine effectiveness from 50% to 90%. Nearly 70% percent of the respondents were predicted to prefer multiple improvements in HPV vaccination (protection increased from 70% to 95%, duration increased from 9 years to 15 years, and vaccination location changed from vaccination center to school) to the base case.ConclusionVarious vaccine characteristics and implementation strategies influence respondents’ preferences. Health education with evidence-based information about HPV vaccines would help parents make informed decisions. The findings can also assist agencies responsible for HPV vaccination implementation and cervical cancer prevention in China in decisions regarding vaccination financing and vaccine approval.     

北京海淀区2015-2018年中小学校诺如病毒聚集性疫情流行特征及影响因素

目的分析北京市海淀区2015-2018年中小学校诺如病毒聚集性疫情流行病学特征及其影响因素,为学校聚集性疫情防控提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,分析2015年1月至2018年12月北京市海淀区中小学校发生的诺如病毒聚集性疫情流行特征;采用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析诺如病毒聚集性疫情发生的影响因素。结果2015-2018年北京市海淀区中小学校共报告诺如病毒聚集性疫情74起,涉及52所中小学校,报告疑似病例1 291例,单起疫情病例中位数12.5例。冬春季为高发季节,中、小学生罹患率差异有统计学意义(χ2=98.82,P<0.01),男、女生罹患率差异有统计学意义(χ2=55.56,P<0.01)。共采集标本648件,阳性486件,阳性率为75.00%,以GⅡ病毒为主,占87.45%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,学校规模(>2 000,1 000~<2 000人)、学生手卫生习惯、发生疫情后学校是否要求学生离校就诊是疫情发生的影响因素(OR值分别为3.78,2.95,8.25,2.88)。结论手卫生习惯较差是疫情发生的最重要危险因素,因此学校和家长要培养孩子养成饭前便后洗手的良好卫生习惯,同时学校发现病例及时隔离也是防控疫情重要措施。     

2014-2018年北京市海淀区布鲁氏菌病重点职业人群监测血清学结果分析

目的对北京市海淀区布鲁氏菌病（布病）重点职业人群监测的血清学结果进行分析,了解重点职业人群的感染状况,为疾病的防控提供参考信息。方法2014 — 2018年以海淀区选定区域牛羊散养户和动物疫病所的工作人员为布病重点人群,采集全血,按照《布鲁氏菌病诊断标准》（WS 269 — 2007）中标准试管凝集方法（SAT）对采集的血清中抗体进行检测,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,分析方法采用χ2检验。结果共检测血清样本243例,布病抗体阳性 7例,阳性率为2.88%,7例均未发现布病症状,不同年份阳性率差异无统计学意义（使用Fisher精确检验法,P＞0.05）。 不同职业人群中,饲养员阳性率为3.03%;牛、羊均接触的人群血清阳性率为4.84%,只接触牛的人群阳性率为3.66%,只接触羊的人群阳性率为1.01%。结论北京市海淀区2014 — 2018年布病重点职业人群为兽医及饲养员,接触牲畜主要为牛、羊,应加强防控知识的宣传教育,做好动物的免疫,及早发现感染病例,掌握疫情趋势,做好布病的防治工作。     

北京市海淀区一起医院妇科流感暴发疫情调查

目的对北京市海淀区某医院出现流感样病例暴发疫情进行调查处置,分析流行特征和影响因素,控制疫情减少续发病例,为医院流感控制提供科学指导。方法采用现场流行病学调查处理此次疫情,分析其流行病学特征,并对采集的标本用RT-PCR方法进行病原学检测。结果该医院自2014年3月17-20日,共报告流感样病例11例,均来自妇科病区,其中医务人员9例,罹患率为13.0%,病房患者2例,罹患率为4.1%。采集6例病例咽拭子标本进行流感病毒核酸检测,5例实验室诊断为流感阳性,初步判定为一起甲型流感引起的流感样病例暴发疫情。结论首发病例未进行隔离、医生办公室空气对流不畅和医务人员流感疫苗接种率低是引起此次流感暴发疫情的主要原因。医疗机构应加强院感监测,医务人员规范上岗;加强传染病症状监测,早期发现和正确处置疫情;积极开展健康教育,推广流感疫苗接种,有利于及时控制疫情。     

北京市海淀区2007年细菌性痢疾流行病学调查

目的 了解2007年北京市海淀区细菌性痢疾发病率水平、流行特征及菌谱分布和耐药情况,为2008年奥运会菌痢科学防控提供基础数据。方法 根据海淀区的直报疫情网资料,对200f7年菌痢发病现状进行描述眭分析,对肠道门诊送检的志贺菌进行菌型和耐药试验。结果 2007年海淀区报告菌痢5286例,发病率为213．98／10万,发病居38种法定传染病的第2位;全年6-9月为发病高峰期,峰顶为8月份,发病1288例,占全年发病例数的24．37％;重点发病年龄组为0～4岁组,20岁组,5岁组和70岁以上组;发病人群以学生、散居儿童、公务人员及职员、离退休人员为主,构成比达70．17％;引发菌痢以食源性因素为主;菌型以宋内志贺菌占80．00％,福氏志贺菌占20．00％;志贺菌对各种抗生素耐药有一定差异。结论 菌痢仍是危害海淀区人群健康的重要的公共卫生问题之一,发病率远远高于全国平均水平;发病有明显的季节高峰;0～4岁组、学生、公务人员职员为重点防控对象;宋内志贺菌已成为海淀区优势流行株,应加强各部门菌痢预防控制工作,特别是食品卫生的管理督察。     

北京地区海洛因注射者HIV、HBV和HCV感染的高危性行为分析

目的对海洛因注射者（IDUs）,中的高危性行为情况进行分析。方法收集北京300名戒毒者的临床资料,HIV、HBV、HCV感染情况,性行为,艾滋病毒／艾滋病（HIV／AIDS）相关知识和态度及其他社会心理学因素,并分析IDUs高危性行为的影响因素。结果IDUs中86．8％不能坚持使用安全套,25．7％有多个性伙伴,49．0％有IDUs性伙伴,70．7％不了解对方HIV感染情况;首次吸毒年龄小、注射过量次数多、对安全套的否定态度、共用不洁注射工具与不安全性行为有关,而未婚、继续使用安全套意愿、自愿HIV检测等与安全性行为有关。结论北京地区IDUs中高危性行为普遍存在,不能忽视对IDUs中高危性行为的研究。     

北京市海淀区2006年临床诊断与实验室确诊菌痢症状分析

目的探讨实验室确诊细菌性痢疾（简称菌痢）与临床诊断菌痢的症状差别,提供确诊菌痢症状特征,降低临床误诊率。方法菌痢检测应用国标GB16002-1995标准进行细菌培养鉴定,对实验室确诊菌痢、其他致病菌和未检出者个案资料进行对照分析。结果确诊菌痢发热占87.50%;恶心占81.25%;里急后重占56.25%;腹泻7次以上占68.75%,脓血便仅占12.5%。其他致病菌发热占29.41%;恶心占76.47%;里急后重占29.41%;腹泻7次以上占43.75%;脓血便仅占6.25%。未检出者发热占56.04%;恶心占69.23%;里急后重占29.44%;腹泻7次以上占46.74%;脓血便仅占3.30%。确诊菌痢均在第1天到医院就诊,有1例为外地带入性确诊菌痢。结论确诊菌痢非典型病例可占1/3左右,未检出者具有典型菌痢临床表现可占1/5的比例,其他致病菌也可占1/5的份额,总体临床诊断误诊率极高,须加强临床医生的综合业务培训。