四川省绵阳市男男性行为人群婚后同性性行为现状及其相关因素分析

目的 了解绵阳市MSM婚后同性性行为现状及其相关因素。方法 2017年1-10月在绵阳市采用滚雪球法招募MSM开展横断面调查,并进行HIV检测,采用多因素logistic回归分析婚后同性性行为的相关因素。采用EpiData 3.1软件和SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 研究对象MSM 234人,婚后同性性行为发生率为94.9%（222/234）,最近6个月有同性肛交占94.4%（221/234）,最近6个月每次肛交安全套使用率为57.9%（128/221）。HIV感染率为8.1%（18/222）。婚后同性性行为发生主要原因为内心驱使（87.8%,195/222）和压力释放（12.2%,27/222）。性伴主要为临时男性性伴（62.2%,138/222）、固定男性性伴（26.1%,58/222）和固定男朋友（11.7%,26/222）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,受内心驱使/压力释放而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素包括文化程度为高中及以上（与初中及以下相比,OR=3.65,95% CI：1.33~9.98）、本地居住时间>1年（与本地居住≤ 1年相比,OR=23.28,95% CI：1.67~324.89）、社区朋友数≥ 10人（与社区朋友数<10人相比,OR=4.15,95% CI：1.28~13.43）、夫妻性生活无快感者（与夫妻性生活有快感者相比,OR=3.25,95% CI：1.22~8.62）、最近6个月肛交人数≥ 2人（与肛交人数≤ 1人相比,OR=0.28,95% CI：0.09~0.81）。结论 绵阳市MSM婚后同性性行为发生率和HIV感染率均较高,由于内心驱使而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素包括高中及以上文化程度、本地居住时间>1年、社区朋友数≥ 10人、夫妻性生活无快感;由于压力释放而发生婚后同性性行为的相关因素为最近6个月肛交人数≥ 2人。     

艾滋病疫情估计与预测方法研究进展

近年来,由于艾滋病监测系统的不断完善以及监测资料来源的多样性,艾滋病疫情估计与预测方法已成为了解艾滋病流行状况及预测发展趋势的重要工具,为此国内外学者采用了多种方法对艾滋病疫情进行了估计与预测。本研究对目前常用艾滋病疫情估计与预测方法的基本原理、适用条件、应用、优点及局限性进行综述,为疫情估计方法的选择与应用提供参考。     

Foreign-Born Hispanic Women's Health Patterns in Allostatic Load Converge to U.S.-Born Hispanic Women at a Slower Tempo Compared With Men

ObjectivesWe investigated the patterns of foreign-born Hispanic health convergence to U.S.-born Hispanics using an allostatic load index, a subjective biological risk health profile, and we explored whether the health convergence patterns differ by sex.MethodsThe analytic sample consisted of 3,347 Hispanics from the pooled 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used negative binomial regression models to investigate the association between duration in the United States and the allostatic load index, while controlling for potential covariates.ResultsForeign-born Hispanics who had lived in the United States for 0–9 years and 10–19 years had lower levels of allostatic load than U.S.-born Hispanics; however, those who had lived in the United States for 20 or more years had a level of allostatic load similar to their U.S.-born counterparts. The pattern of immigrant health convergence shows a clear sex difference. In the sex-stratified models, we found that foreign-born Hispanic men converged to the level of allostatic load of U.S.-born Hispanic men after having lived in the United States for approximately 10 years. The health convergence pattern qualitatively differed for foreign-born Hispanic women, who remained healthier than U.S.-born Hispanic women regardless of duration in the United States.ConclusionsForeign-born Hispanics are healthier than their U.S.-born counterparts, providing support for the healthy migrant hypothesis. This relatively better health of foreign-born Hispanics disappears with a longer duration in the United States, providing support for the health convergence hypothesis, but is most noticeable for men. Foreign-born Hispanic women converge to U.S.-born Hispanic women's health status at a slower tempo, compared with foreign-born Hispanic men.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市男男性行为人群HIV传播动力学的预测和分析

目的建立人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染传播动力学模型,评估男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV感染状况,并预测未来十年新疆乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行趋势,为制定合适的防控措施提供定量依据。方法利用新疆乌鲁木齐市2009—2017年MSM人群HIV的监测数据,建立HIV传播的动力学模型。通过模型分析得到决定疾病传播与否的基本再生数R0,并用收集和估计的参数对模型进行数值模拟,分析乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的流行状况。结果建立的MSM人群HIV的传播动力学模型拟合效果合理[平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)=10.89%,均方根百分比误差(RMSPE)=25.74%],基本再生数R0≈0.2616(95%CI:0.2394～0.9299),该模型预测2027年乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV的阳性率下降至2%。参数敏感性分析发现,由低危易感者发展成为高危易感者的比例、由HIV感染者发展成为艾滋病患者的比例和高危易感者发展成为低危易感者的比例是影响MSM人群HIV流行的主要因素。结论乌鲁木齐市MSM人群HIV感染呈现持续流行,相关部门应加强对MSM人群的防控,推广安全套的使用,加强宣传教育等综合性干预措施,控制MSM人群HIV的流行。     

Perceptions of politicization and HPV vaccine policy support

BackgroundSince its FDA approval in 2006, the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been politically-charged, given its association with sexual health among young women and its history of controversial, and largely unsuccessful, legislative mandates. The extent to which perceived politicization is related to public support for the vaccine’s use, however, is not clear. We sought to examine the relationship between public perceptions of politicization of the HPV vaccine and public support for HPV vaccine policies.MethodsWe fielded a survey from May-June 2016 using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (18–59 years). Among respondents aware of the HPV vaccine (n = 290), we predict support for HPV vaccine policies based on respondents’ perceptions of three characteristics of the vaccine’s portrayal in public discourse: degree of controversy, certainty of the scientific evidence supporting the vaccine’s use, and frequency with which the vaccine appears in political discussion.ResultsRespondents who perceived greater certainty about the scientific evidence for the HPV vaccine were more supportive of HPV vaccine policies (p < 0.0001) than respondents who perceived the scientific evidence to be uncertain, after adjusting for respondents’ characteristics, including demographics and partisanship.ConclusionsPublic perceptions of the HPV vaccine’s politicization, particularly the portrayal of scientific evidence, are associated with receptivity to legislative mandates.Policy implicationsHow the certainty of a body of evidence gets communicated to the public may influence the policy process for a critical cancer prevention intervention.     

Randomized Trial of the Effects of Housing Assistance on the Health and Risk Behaviors of Homeless and Unstably Housed People Living with HIV

Homelessness affects HIV risk and health, but little is known about the longitudinal effects of rental assistance on the housing status and health of homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV/AIDS. Homeless/unstably housed people living with HIV/AIDS (N = 630) were randomly assigned to immediate Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) rental assistance or customary care. Self-reported data, CD4, and HIV viral load were collected at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Results showed that housing status improved in both groups, with greater improvement occurring in the treatment group. At 18 months, 51% of the comparison group had their own housing, limiting statistical power. Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant reductions in medical care utilization and improvements in self-reported physical and mental health; significant differential change benefiting the treatment group was observed for depression and perceived stress. Significant differences between homeless and stably housed participants were found in as-treated analyses for health care utilization, mental health, and physical health. HOPWA rental assistance improves housing status and, in some cases, health outcomes of homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV/AIDS.     

Prevalence of HIV Infection and Prior HIV Testing among Young Men Who have Sex with Men. The Baltimore Young Men’s Survey

Data are presented from the Baltimore Young Men’s Survey, a cross-sectional, venue-based sample survey of risks associated with HIV and report of a prior HIV test, conducted between 1996 and 2000, and enrolling 843 young men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 15–29 years. HIV prevalence was 12.1% overall and racial disparities in HIV prevalence were pronounced (range, 2.9% among non-Hispanic whites to 27.1% among non-Hispanic blacks). Risks independently associated with being HIV-positive were: being between 26 and 29 years of age, being non-Hispanic black or of other/mixed race, having had 20 or more lifetime male sex partners, having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and not being currently enrolled in school. The majority of participants (78.9%) reported a prior HIV test. In multivariate analysis, being older, having had five or more lifetime male sex partners, having had anal intercourse with males, reporting an STD diagnosis, and reporting recent unprotected anal sex were associated with report of a prior HIV test. Prevention efforts must address high HIV prevalence among young non-Hispanic black MSM and must make testing and effective counseling for young MSM readily available.     

The characteristics and risk factors for HIV infection among Beijing drug users in different settings

Background

Treatment for drug addiction in China can take place in mandatory detoxification centers (MDC), voluntary detoxification centers (VDC), or at outreach programs located in the community. To date little is known about HIV prevalence or associated risk factors among the current and past drug users (DU) in each setting.

Methods

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at three different settings in Beijing, China; 795 subjects were enrolled at MDC, 824 at VDC, and 520 within the community. Subjects who provided informed consent took part in face-to-face interviews and provided blood samples for HIV and syphilis testing.

Results

Significant differences were found across enrollment sites in terms of demographic, drug use and sexual behavior characteristics. Overall HIV sero-prevalence was 2.9%, and was particularly high in MDC (5.2% versus 1.0% in VDC and 2.3% among community drug users). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for HIV infection were 50.5 (95% CI: 19.07-133.85) for being of Yi ethnicity, 29.4 (95% CI: 15.10-57.24) for Uyghur ethnicity, 3.4 (95% CI: 1.57-7.52) for injection drug users who did not share equipment, and 18.8 (95% CI: 8.31-42.75) among injection drug users who shared injection equipment.

Conclusions

The vast differences among DU in various enrollment sites in terms of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and HIV related risk profiles underscore the importance of familiarity with population characteristics and drug user environment to better inform targeted prevention programs. Prevention programs targeting DU in Chinese settings must also consider differences in ethnicities, culture, and residential status.     

Epidemiology and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection in a diverse sample of low-income young women

BackgroundTwo HPV vaccines prevent infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, high-risk (cancer-associated) HPV types which together cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers; one vaccine also prevents HPV-6 and HPV-11, which together cause approximately 90% of anogenital warts. Defining type-specific HPV epidemiology in sexually experienced women will help estimate the potential clinical benefits of vaccinating this population.ObjectivesTo examine HPV epidemiology in a diverse sample of sexually experienced women, and to determine factors associated with high-risk HPV and vaccine-type HPV (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16 and HPV-18).Study designCross-sectional study of 13–26-year-old women (N = 409) who completed a questionnaire and provided a cervicovaginal swab. Swabs were genotyped for HPV using PCR amplification. Logistic regression models were used to determine whether participant characteristics, knowledge, and behaviors were associated with high-risk and vaccine-type HPV.ResultsMost women (68.4%) were positive for ≥1 HPV type, 59.5% were positive for ≥1 high-risk type, 33.1% were positive for ≥1 vaccine-type HPV, and 3.5% were positive for both HPV-16 and HPV-18: none was positive for all four vaccine types. In adjusted logistic regression models, Black race (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.21–3.41) and lifetime number of male sexual partners (OR 4.79, 95% CI 2.04–11.23 for ≥10 partner vs. ≤1 partner) were independently associated with high-risk HPV infection.ConclusionsHPV prevalence was very high in this sample of sexually active young women, but <5% were positive for both HPV-16 and HPV-18, suggesting that vaccination could be beneficial for many individual women who are sexually experienced.