云南省德宏州1989-2009年各类人群HIV检测阳性率分析

目的了解云南省德宏州1989-2009年间各类人群艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染率的变化趋势,为预防控制艾滋病提供科学依据。方法对各类人群的HIV监测、检测资料和艾滋病网络直报数据进行整理分析。结果德宏州1989-2009年间HIV检测累计达822 401人次,累计检出HIV感染者27 851人次,总检测阳性率为3.39%。除去重复检测和重复发现者,实际新发现并报告病例16 408例。HIV检测阳性率以吸毒人员最高,其次为艾滋病自愿咨询检测门诊就诊者,而暗娼、劳改人员中HIV检测阳性率也均在1%以上。2004-2009年吸毒人群HIV检测阳性者中属新检出或新报告阳性者所占比例依次分别为:75.1%、83.7%、70.3%、72.2%、38.6%、25.2%。结论尽管德宏州吸毒人群中艾滋病的流行呈下降趋势,但艾滋病已蔓延至各类人群。德宏州艾滋病防制依然面临严峻挑战。     

中国三地区女性性工作者对杀微生物剂的可接受性及其影响因素研究

目的探索女性性工作者(female sex workers,FSWs)对阴道外用杀微生物剂的可接受性及其影响因素。方法采用横断面调查的方法,于2008年9月至2009年1月在云南德宏、四川乐山和辽宁沈阳3现场共抽取968名FSWs作为研究对象,以面对面访谈方式进行问卷调查。主要评价指标包括杀微生物剂可接受性得分、危险性行为、安全套使用率、性病史、艾滋病/性病感知风险等。结果被调查的FSWs对杀微生物剂的可接受性平均得分为(2.88±0.58)分。可接受性受FSWs的所在地区、性服务场所的档次与性质、年龄、文化程度、是否主动要求使用和被拒绝使用安全套、是否检测过HIV抗体、是否担心感染艾滋病/性病、妊娠史和阴道外用药史等因素影响。结论接受调查的FSWs对使用杀微生物剂的态度普遍较积极,提示杀微生物剂有可能作为安全套的补充措施,满足女性在艾滋病/性病预防中的特殊需要。     

云南省澜沧县艾滋病病毒感染者及病人生存质量现状及相关因素研究

目的了解艾滋病病毒感染者及病人生存质量的现状并分析其相关因素。方法应用世界卫生组织生活质量量表(WHOQOL-BREFF)中文版评价艾滋病病毒感染者及病人的生存质量,同时调查可能影响生活质量的人口学特征和HIV感染有关特征。采用t检验、方差分析进行单因素分析,多元线性回归模型分析生理、心理、社会关系及环境4大领域的影响因素。结果 300例艾滋病病毒感染者及病人生存质量4大领域平均得分分别为:生理领域(14.04±1.87)分、心理领域(12.48±1.88)分、社会关系领域(12.78±2.25)分、环境领域(11.87±2.00)分。配偶的文化程度越高其本人的心理、社会关系和环境领域得分越高;静脉注射途径在各领域中得分最低。结论应加强年轻患者、抗病毒治疗患者和静脉注射感染者的心理健康辅导,以提高生存质量。     

上海市闸北区性病门诊患者HSV-2感染率及其影响因素研究

目的了解上海市闸北区性病门诊患者2型单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus type 2,HSV-2)感染率及其影响因素。方法抽取2008年7~8月间前往闸北区中心医院规范化性病门诊就诊的患者,进行问卷调查和HSV-2、HIV血清学抗体检测。结果共有256例就诊者接受调查,平均年龄(36.86±11.82)岁,大多数为男性(178人,占69.5%)、在婚(179人,占69.9%)、外地户籍(150人,占58.6%)、高中及以上文化程度(141人,占55.1%)。初次性行为年龄范围为13~39岁,平均年龄在(22.37±3.67)岁。222例(86.7%)调查对象目前有固定性伴,145例(56.6%)调查对象最近3个月有过商业性行为,7例(2.7%)调查对象有吸毒行为,1例(0.4%)HIV检测呈阳性。HSV-2感染率为30.1%,男性为25.8%,女性为39.7%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在控制了其他变量的混杂影响后,女性HSV-2感染率显著高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P=0.027);最近3个月有商业性行为者HSV-2感染率高于无商业性行为者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)。...     

南京市男男性行为人群随访中队列保持研究

目的 了解南京市男男性行为人群(men who have sex with men,MSM)随访中HIV新发感染率、队列保持情况及其影响因素.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究,于2008年4月始对符合纳入标准的361名MSM招募者进行间隔6个月和12个月的随访,检测HIV抗体,估算HIV抗体阳转率,并分析MSM的社会人口学和高危行为特征与12个月时队列保持率的关系.结果 南京MSM队列12个月的HIV抗体阳转率为5.09/100人年,随访12个月时队列保持率为61.5%.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与队列保持率有统计学意义的变量为户籍所在地为南京(OR=2.430,95% CI=1.409～4.190)、6个月能随访到(OR=11.664,95% CI=6.509～20.901)、寻找性伴场所为互联网(OR=2.222,95% CI=1.228～4.022)、近1年参加同伴教育活动(OR=2.080,95% CI=1.095～3.950)和年龄大于30岁(OR=3.296,95% CI=1.737～6.253).结论 该地区MSM人群中有较高的HIV新发感染率和高危性行为暴露率,户籍为当地、年龄较大、近1年接受过同伴教育以及通过互联网寻找性伴的MSM较容易保持在随访队列中.     

A qualitative study of healthcare provider awareness and informational needs regarding the nine-valent HPV vaccine

The 9-valent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, 9vHPV, was licensed in the U.S. in December, 2014. We assessed healthcare provider (HCP) awareness of the newly approved vaccine and identified questions HCPs have about the vaccine. As part of a larger study, we used semi-structured interviews to ask 22 pediatric HCPs about their awareness of 9vHPV, questions they have about the vaccine, and questions they anticipate from patients and parents. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed then analyzed using inductive content analysis. Over half were aware of the vaccine but few HCPs claimed to be familiar with it. HCPs indicated several questions with common themes pertaining to efficacy, side effects, and cost. Only half of HCPs believed patients or parents would have questions. The results suggest strategies and areas for health systems and public health organizations to target in order to resolve unmet educational needs among HCPs regarding 9vHPV.     

Evaluation of potentially achievable vaccination coverage with simultaneous administration of vaccines among children in the United States

BackgroundRoutine administration of all age-appropriate doses of vaccines during the same visit is recommended for children by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).MethodsEvaluate the potentially achievable vaccination coverage for ≥4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (4+DTaP), ≥4 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4+PCV), and the full series of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib-FS) with simultaneous administration of all recommended childhood vaccines. Compare the potentially achievable vaccination coverage to the reported vaccination coverage for calendar years 2001 through 2013; by state in the United States and by selected socio-demographic factors in 2013. The potentially achievable vaccination coverage was defined as the coverage possible for the recommended 4+DTaP, 4+PCV, and Hib-FS if missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of all age-appropriate doses of vaccines for children had been eliminated.ResultsCompared to the reported vaccination coverage, the potentially achievable vaccination coverage for 4+DTaP, 4+PCV, and Hib-FS could have increased significantly (P < 0.001), the vaccination coverage would have achieved the 90% target of Healthy People 2020 for the three vaccines beginning in 2005, 2008, and 2011 respectively. In 2013, the potentially achievable vaccination coverage increased significantly across all selected socio-demographic factors, potentially achievable vaccination coverage would have reached the 90% target for more than 51% of the states in the United States.ConclusionsThe findings in this study suggest that fully utilization of all opportunities for simultaneous administration of all age-eligible childhood doses of vaccines during the same vaccination visit is a critical strategy for achieving the vaccination coverage target of Healthy People 2020. Encouraging providers to deliver all recommended vaccines that are due at each visit by implementing client reminder and recall systems might decrease missed opportunities for simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines.