Humoral immune response following the inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccination among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults

BackgroundA limited amount of information is available about the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsHIV-infected adults and HIV-uninfected adults received a dose of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine including strains of H1N1, H3N2, BV and BY. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination-inhibition assay (HAI) were used to determine IgA, IgG antibody concentration and geometric mean titers (GMT) at day 0 and day 28, respectively. Associated factors contributing to seroconversion or GMT changes were analyzed using simple logistic regression model.ResultsA total of 131 HIV-infected and 55 HIV-uninfected subjects were included in the study. In both HIV-infected and uninfected arms, IgG and IgA against influenza A and B all increased significantly at day 28 after receiving QIV (P < 0.001). GMTs of post-vaccination at day 28 showed that HIV-infected persons with CD4 + T cell counts ≤ 350 cells/mm³ were statistically less immunogenic to all strains of QIV than HIV-uninfected ones (P < 0.05). HIV-infected participants with CD4 + T cell counts ≤ 350 cells/mm³ were less likely to achieve seroconversion to QIV (H1N1, BY and BV) than HIV-uninfected individuals at day 28 after vaccination (P < 0.05). Compared with HIV-infected patients with baseline CD4 + T cell counts ≤ 350 cells/mm³, individuals with baseline CD4 + T cell counts > 350 cell/mm³ seemed more likely to generate antibody responses to H1N1 (OR:2.65, 95 %CI: 1.07–6.56) and BY (OR: 3.43, 95 %CI: 1.37–8.63), and showed a higher probability of seroconversion to BY (OR: 3.59, 95 %CI: 1.03–12.48). Compared with nadir CD4 + T cell count ≤ 350 cell/mm³, individuals with nadir CD4 + T cell count > 350 cell/mm³ showed a higher probability of seroconversion to H1N1(OR: 3.15, 95 %CI: 1.14–8.73).ConclusionInfluenza vaccination of HIV-infected adults might be effective despite variable antibody responses. HIV-positive populations with CD4 + T cell counts ≤ 350 are less likely to achieve seroconversion. Further vaccination strategies could be developed for those with low CD4 T cell counts.     

Safety and immunogenicity of 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japanese healthy infants: A phase III study (V114-033)

BackgroundThis phase III study evaluated safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of V114 (15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) in Japanese infants. V114 contains all 13 serotypes in PCV13 plus additional serotypes 22F and 33F.MethodsHealthy Japanese infants were randomized to receive three primary doses of V114 or PCV13 (dose 1 at 2–6 months of age; doses 2 and 3 ≥ 27 days after prior dose), plus a toddler dose at 12–15 months of age. Adverse events (AEs) were collected on Days 1–14 following each vaccination. Serotype-specific anti-pneumococcal immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured 30 days post-dose 3, pre-dose 4, and 30 days post-dose 4. Primary objectives included non-inferiority of V114 to PCV13 for the 13 shared serotypes based on serotype-specific IgG response rates (IgG ≥ 0.35 μg/mL) and geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios, and for serotypes 22F and 33F based on IgG response rates and compared with the lowest response of any serotype in the PCV13 group, at 30 days post-dose 3.ResultsOverall, 694 infants were randomized to V114 (n = 347) or PCV13 (n = 347). Proportions of participants with solicited and serious AEs were comparable between vaccination groups. V114 met non-inferiority criteria for all 13 shared serotypes, based on difference in proportion of responders (lower bound of two-sided 95 % confidence interval [CI] > −10.0) and IgG GMC ratios (V114/PCV13, lower bound of two-sided 95 % CI > 0.5) at 30 days post-dose 3. The non-inferiority criterion based on IgG response rates was met for serotype 22F, but narrowly missed for serotype 33F (90.9 %, lower bound of two-sided 95 % CI −10.6).ConclusionIn Japanese infants, a four-dose series of V114 was generally well tolerated. Compared with PCV13, V114 provided non-inferior immune responses to the 13 shared serotypes and higher immune responses to serotype 22F and 33F post-primary series.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04384107; EudraCT 2019-003644-68.     

天津市男性浴池男男性行为人群HIV新发感染及影响因素分析

目的 分析天津市浴池MSM的HIV新发感染及其影响因素，为对浴池MSM采取相应的预防干预措施、降低HIV感染提供依据。方法 以在男性浴池寻找性伴、最近1年与同性发生过插入性口交或肛交的男性为研究对象，2011年3月至2021年12月建立开放式队列，完成HIV检测和基线调查，并进行随访和检测。调查内容包括人口学、艾滋病相关行为学信息。比较单次检测组和多次检测组的区别，计算阳性率和多次检测组的新发感染率，并应用Cox比例风险回归模型分析多次检测组HIV新发感染率的影响因素。采用EpiData 3.02软件建立数据库，采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。结果 研究期间共检测12 195人次，包括研究对象7 151人，以≥30岁（70.18%）和外地户籍（61.32%）为主，年龄范围为16~82岁，年龄M（Q₁，Q₃）为36（28，48）岁，其中检测阳性547人。与单次检测组相比，多次检测组的本地户籍、已婚/同居的比例较高，最近6个月发生肛交、接受同伴教育和最近1年被诊断患过性病的比例均较高，最近6个月发生同性性行为坚持使用安全套的比例较低。研究期间阳性率为7.65%（95%CI：7.00%~8.00%）。HIV阳性率由2011年的12.58%下降到2021年的3.31%。将多次检测组纳入开放式队列1 740人，累计随访时间为4 688.61人年，期间共新发HIV感染144人。新发感染率为3.07/100人年（95%CI： 2.57/100人年~3.57/100人年）。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示，外地户籍者（aHR=1.32，95%CI：1.19~1.45）和最近6个月与同性发生群交者（aHR=1.18，95%CI：1.02~1.36）HIV新发感染的风险更高。结论 天津市男性浴池MSM普遍存在群交等不安全性行为，仍需要加强宣传和干预工作，并与MSM社会组织加强合作开展男性浴池MSM同伴教育和HIV主动检测工作，并探索新的方法在MSM中降低HIV新发感染。     

Optimizing needle length and site choice for adult immunization

BackgroundCurrent recommendations for needle length and vaccination site for intramuscular deltoid vaccinations are backed by minimal data.AimTo determine the ideal needle length and vaccination site for intramuscular deltoid vaccine administration.Methods120 shoulder CT scans were evaluated and grouped by patient weight and sex as recommended by the United States CDC: Group 1, <60 kg, Group 2, 60–70 kg, Group 3, females 70–90 kg and males 70–118 kg, and Group 4, females > 90 kg and males > 118 kg. For each group, distance from skin to deltoid fascia and deltoid muscle width were measured at 2, 4, and 6 cm distal to the posterolateral corner of the acromion for 5 unique trajectories. Needle lengths of 0.625″, 1.0″, and 1.5″ were simulated at each site to determine inoculation location relative to the deltoid.ResultsFor Group 1, a 0.625″ needle in the mid-lateral (ML) trajectory 4 cm distal to the posterolateral corner provided a perfect rate of successful inoculations (100 %). For Groups 2–3, a 1″ needle in the posterolateral (PL) trajectory 4 cm distal provided high rates (>80 %) of successful intramuscular inoculations with low rates of overpenetration (<15 %) while minimizing risk to the axillary nerve. For Group 4, a 1.5″ needle using the same strategy provided the highest rate of successful inoculations (96 %) and minimal overpenetration (4 %). Overpenetration was associated with more anterior and superior injection sites (P < 0.001 for both) for all needle lengths.ConclusionsThe overall ideal injection site to maximize successful intramuscular vaccine administration, minimize overpenetration, and avoid axillary nerve injury is 4 cm distal to and in line with the posterolateral corner of the acromion, a site more posterior and inferior than current CDC recommendations. We caution against use of a 1.5″ needle for patients < 118 kg due to high predicted rates of overpenetration.     

Surveillance of Neisseria meningitidis carriage four years after menACWY vaccine implementation in the Netherlands reveals decline in vaccine-type and rise in genogroup e circulation

Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis is an accepted endpoint in monitoring meningococcal vaccine effects. We applied molecular methods to assess the impact of menACWY vaccine implementation on meningococcal carriage and genogroup-specific prevalence in young adults in Fall of 2022, four years after the introduction of the tetravalent vaccine in the Netherlands. The overall carriage rate of genogroupable meningococci was not significantly different compared to a pre-menACWY cohort investigated in 2018 (20.8 % or 125 of 601 versus 17.4 % or 52 of 299 individuals, p = 0.25). Of 125 carriers of genogroupable meningococci, 122 (97.6 %) were positive for either vaccine-types menC, menW, menY or genogroups, menB, menE, and menX, which are not targeted by the menACWY vaccine. Compared with a pre-vaccine-implementation cohort, there was 3.8-fold reduction (p < 0.001) in vaccine-type carriage rates and 9.0-fold increase (p < 0.0001) in non-vaccine type menE prevalence. We observe a reduction in menW and menY and an increase in menE, which suggest that implementation of menACWY vaccine affected carriage.     

重庆市50岁及以上男性HIV感染者艾滋病知识知晓与非婚性行为调查

目的 了解重庆市≥50岁男性HIV感染者的艾滋病知识知晓情况及非婚性行为现状，为制定疫情防控措施提供科学依据。方法 采用横断面研究，于2021年7-12月，在重庆市渝北区、开州区、江津区和沙坪坝区招募≥50岁男性HIV感染者进行面对面问卷调查，样本量800例。采用logistic回归模型分析研究对象艾滋病知识知晓与最近1年非婚性行为的相关因素。使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在≥50岁男性HIV感染者698例中，年龄（62.5±8.6）岁。艾滋病知识总体知晓率为66.91%（467/698），最近1年发生非婚性行为的比例为6.73%（47/698），安全套坚持使用率为61.70%（29/47）。多因素logistics回归分析结果显示，年龄≥70岁（aOR=0.60，95%CI：0.40~0.91）、年龄≥60岁（aOR=0.61，95%CI：0.41~0.90）和丧偶/离异/未婚者（aOR=0.70，95%CI：0.50~0.98）艾滋病知识知晓率较低；初中及以上文化程度者（aOR=5.90，95%CI：3.34~10.44）艾滋病知识知晓率较高。丧偶/离异/未婚者（aOR=13.01，95%CI：6.11~27.71）和最近1年使用过助性剂者（aOR=8.72，95%CI：2.76~27.55）发生非婚性行为的比例较高。结论 重庆市≥50岁男性HIV感染者艾滋病知识知晓率较低，存在一定比例的非婚性行为，安全套使用率较低。建议加强性健康知识教育，持续推广使用安全套。     

Integrating the person-centered approach with the study of vaccine hesitancy: Applying latent profile analysis to identify vaccine hesitancy subpopulations and assess their relations with correlates and vaccination outcomes

In scholarly and popular discussions of vaccine hesitancy, authors have repeatedly referred to different “types” of vaccine hesitant individuals; however, almost all modern research on vaccine hesitancy utilizes variable-centered approaches to identify the relation of variables rather than a person-centered approach to identify subpopulations, which suggests that a discrepancy exists between conceptual discussions and empirical research on vaccine hesitancy. For this reason, the current article conducts a latent profile analysis (LPA) on the dimensions of a well-supported vaccine hesitancy measure, which assess hesitancy towards vaccines in general. We also assess the relations of the resultant profiles (e.g., subpopulations) with relevant self-reported outcomes and correlates, wherein most of our outcomes are associated with COVID-19 and flu vaccines. Our LPA results support the existence of eight vaccine hesitancy profiles. The profile with the most unfavorable vaccination outcomes (e.g., willingness, receipt, and word-of-mouth) was associated with greater perceptions that vaccines cause health risks and unneeded when healthy; the profile with the most favorable vaccination outcomes was associated with low levels of all vaccine hesitancy dimensions. The other profiles produced a clear gradient between these two extremes. The profiles also differed regarding their standing on correlates, but the clearest difference was their relation with political orientation. Profiles with more unfavorable vaccination outcomes were associated with conservatism, whereas profiles with more favorable vaccinations outcomes were associated with liberalism. These results provide a new perspective for current understandings of vaccine hesitancy and open several avenues for future research.