水化疗法结合小剂量胰岛素治疗蛛网膜下腔出血合并高渗性昏迷1例

高渗性昏迷是内科急症之一，其病情危重，病死率高，可达40％。而蛛网膜下腔出血同样来势凶险，预后较差。其中由颅内动脉瘤出血引起的蛛网膜下腔出血病死率约40％。由脑血管畸形引起的病死率也达到10％-25％。如蛛网膜下腔出血与糖尿病高渗性昏迷同时合并发生，其病死率更高。我们经过积极抢救，获得成功1例，现报告如下。     

镇痛药和肌松剂在新生儿中的临床应用

与年长儿相比，新生儿对疼痛的敏感性强，并且对手术操作表现出更为强烈的激素、代谢及心血管系统反应。目前对新生儿疼痛的管理日益受到重视。本文简要综述国内外新生儿重症监护室（NICU）内新生儿常用镇痛药和肌松剂及其具体应用。     

上海市某儿科医院患儿家属满意度分析

患儿家属满意度的调查经常作为儿科医院了解医疗服务质量的重要信息来源,患儿家属对医疗服务的不满意,可成为推动儿科医院不断改善医疗服务质量的强大动力.为了使医院的医疗服务质量能符合社会的期望,课题组对上海市某儿科医院的患儿家属进行了满意度调查.     

节律性听觉刺激改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态的研究进展

节律性听觉刺激(RAS)通过一定的外部节律刺激(如音乐、节奏)激活听觉中枢和大脑运动区,控制下肢肌肉配合节奏训练、调整步态模式,从而达到改善步态的效果。RAS是一种改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态的新兴康复治疗方法,其机制假说包括夹带机制、运动听觉机制和动机。RAS能够有效提高患儿的步态参数(步速和步长)、增加患儿下肢关节活动度,且不同频率和训练时间均会对其干预效果产生影响。     

三日龄大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤对大脑MRI影像和学习记忆能力的远期影响

Objective To investigate the activation of apoptotic genes of the brain with hypoxia- ischemia (HI) in newborn SD rats, and MRI changes and memory and learning ability in adulthood. Methods HI was induced by right carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (6% O2) on 3-day-old SD rats (n=36). Control pups were sham-operated (n = 27). Right brain hemisphere was collected at 12 h and 7 d after HI and subjected to an apoptosis Oligo GEArrayR. MRI and Morris water maze test were performed on both groups at 42 and 44 days old, respectively. Results Comparing to 12 h after HI, up-regulated apoptotic genes included TNF, Caspase and pro-apoptotit genes of Bcl2 families, whereas the anti-apoptotic genes of Bcl2 family were down-regulated at 7 d after HI. The MRI assessment of the rats in HI group demonstrated that the area of the right cerebra l cortex was significantly smaller than the left side and control [periventricular layer: (23.5±3.6) mm2 vs (33.0±4.3) mm2, (34.5±3.9) mm2; hippocampus layer: (18.9±4.4) mm2 vs (29.1±5.0) mm2,(30.8±4.5) mm2, both P<0.01]. During the navigation trial, the HI rats demonstrated longer escape latency (4th day: (52.7±35.9) vs (17.8±8. 9) s, P<0.01). HI rats passed the platform less times than the control ones (T= 292.5, P<0.05) in space probe trial. Conclusions The activation of apoptotic genes induced by HI brain injury remains until 7 days later, involving intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The apoptosis of neural cells may lead to poor development of the cortex and impair the memory and learning ability in the adult rats after neonatal hypoxia- ischemia injury.     

疫苗时代麻疹流行病学研究进展

麻疹是一种急性呼吸道传染性疾病,严重危害儿童健康.进行麻疹疫苗计划免疫之后该病的发病率明显下降,但是近年来发病率和病死率义呈现上升趋势.该文对近年麻疹的流行病学趋势及病毒分子特征进行分析,并以此为切入点,阐述麻疹病毒基因型的变化及大体分布,提出目前正在我国流行的优势毒株主要是H1基因型,为阻断麻疹传播,降低发病率和病死率,最终达到消除麻疹的全球性目的提供参考.     

三日龄大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤对大脑MRI影像和学习记忆能力的远期影响

Objective To investigate the activation of apoptotic genes of the brain with hypoxia- ischemia (HI) in newborn SD rats, and MRI changes and memory and learning ability in adulthood. Methods HI was induced by right carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (6% O2) on 3-day-old SD rats (n=36). Control pups were sham-operated (n = 27). Right brain hemisphere was collected at 12 h and 7 d after HI and subjected to an apoptosis Oligo GEArrayR. MRI and Morris water maze test were performed on both groups at 42 and 44 days old, respectively. Results Comparing to 12 h after HI, up-regulated apoptotic genes included TNF, Caspase and pro-apoptotit genes of Bcl2 families, whereas the anti-apoptotic genes of Bcl2 family were down-regulated at 7 d after HI. The MRI assessment of the rats in HI group demonstrated that the area of the right cerebra l cortex was significantly smaller than the left side and control [periventricular layer: (23.5±3.6) mm2 vs (33.0±4.3) mm2, (34.5±3.9) mm2; hippocampus layer: (18.9±4.4) mm2 vs (29.1±5.0) mm2,(30.8±4.5) mm2, both P<0.01]. During the navigation trial, the HI rats demonstrated longer escape latency (4th day: (52.7±35.9) vs (17.8±8. 9) s, P<0.01). HI rats passed the platform less times than the control ones (T= 292.5, P<0.05) in space probe trial. Conclusions The activation of apoptotic genes induced by HI brain injury remains until 7 days later, involving intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. The apoptosis of neural cells may lead to poor development of the cortex and impair the memory and learning ability in the adult rats after neonatal hypoxia- ischemia injury.     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征和基因突变

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(BDS)主要由于缺乏肺表面活性物质引起,表面活性物质由磷脂和蛋白构成,其中蛋白包括SP-A、B、C、D.目前发现SP-B、C和相关蛋白ATP结合盒转运蛋白A3的异常与RDS的发生有关,导致足月或近足月儿发生类似RDS的病变.而SP-A、D和其他相关蛋白与BDS的关系尚需进一步研究.探究RDS和基因突变的关系,有助于产前检测和产后治疗RDS患儿,研究和发展更积极的RDS治疗策略.     

疫苗时代麻疹流行病学研究进展

麻疹是一种急性呼吸道传染性疾病,严重危害儿童健康.进行麻疹疫苗计划免疫之后该病的发病率明显下降,但是近年来发病率和病死率义呈现上升趋势.该文对近年麻疹的流行病学趋势及病毒分子特征进行分析,并以此为切入点,阐述麻疹病毒基因型的变化及大体分布,提出目前正在我国流行的优势毒株主要是H1基因型,为阻断麻疹传播,降低发病率和病死率,最终达到消除麻疹的全球性目的提供参考.     

新生儿血友病A 11例病例系列报告

目的 探讨新生儿血友病A的临床表现、诊治及预后。方法 对复旦大学附属儿科医院2016年2月1日至2019年6月30日收治的11例新生儿血友病A临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 11例新生儿血友病患儿均为男性,3例有明确血友病家族史。2例无出血表现,2例仅表现为皮肤瘀点瘀斑,7例有出血表现。出血部位包括硬膜下、颅内、皮下、消化道。11例活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)均延长,均为凝血因子Ⅷ缺乏,中间型9例,重型和轻型各1例。5例行基因检测者证实FⅧ基因突变,缺失2例,点突变3例。血友病A确诊后予静脉输注Ⅷ因子。随访至2019年6月9~10日,1例失访,4例无出血表现,1例有踝关节自发出血表现,5例表现为外伤后皮肤瘀点/皮下血肿。结论 新生儿期多次凝血功能异常,以APTT延长为主,特别是延长＞3倍者有或无出血表现均应考虑血友病可能,应行凝血因子活性水平测定及基因检测及早确诊,早期诊断和预防性输注凝血因子可改善预后。