神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除颅底脊索瘤的临床疗效及其影响因素分析

目的探讨神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除颅底脊索瘤的手术策略、临床疗效及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2021年3月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科采用神经内镜经鼻蝶入路切除的颅底脊索瘤患者的临床资料,共纳入373例患者(共行500例次手术)。其中2004—2019年为早期手术组,采用以肿瘤为中心的手术策略;2020—2021年为近期手术组,依据肿瘤的起源部位及其沿着颅底骨缝、神经和大血管孔道延伸生长的特点进行顺序探查和切除(探查顺序形似"龟背")。比较两种手术策略切除肿瘤程度的差异。随访患者的无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS),采用Kaplan-Meier法生存分析,采用log-rank检验分析不同临床特征患者间PFS和OS的差异。结果500例次手术中,413例次为早期手术组,肿瘤的全切除率、次全切除率、部分切除率分别为35.1%(145例次)、36.6%(151例次)、28.3%(117例次);87例次为近期手术组,肿瘤的全切除率、次全切除率、部分切除率分别为52.9%(46例次)、37.9%(33例次)、9.2%(8例次),两组肿瘤的切除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。500例次手术,脑脊液漏的发生率为4.6%(23例次)。373例患者中,术后1例(0.3%)死亡,1例(0.3%)发生大面积脑梗死;共325例(87.1%)患者获得完整的随访资料,中位随访时间为31个月(3~193个月)。182例(56.0%)复发,估计总体患者的中位PFS为24个月(95%CI:17.5~30.5);85例(26.2%)死亡,估计总体患者的中位OS为106个月。生存分析显示,与原发性肿瘤、肿瘤体积小、肿瘤全切除、病理学类型为经典型或软骨型肿瘤及术后放疗的患者比较,复发性肿瘤、肿瘤体积大、肿瘤非全切除、病理学类型为去分化或差分化或肉瘤样型肿瘤及术后未行放疗患者的PFS和OS均短,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论依据颅底脊索瘤生长侵袭特点,采用"龟背"形顺序探查、切除肿瘤的手术策略有利于提高肿瘤的切除程度。肿瘤是否原发、体积大小、切除程度、病理学类型、术后是否放疗可能与颅底脊索瘤患者术后的PFS和OS有关。     

Ocular Lateral Deviation as a Vestibular Clinical Sign of Medial Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Strokes: A Case Report

We report a case of posterior circulation stroke that presented with a unique ocular vestibular sign called Ocular Lateral Deviation (OLD). OLD is eye deviation to one side that is made more prominent by brief eye closure. OLD has been reported to occur ipsilesional in a third of medullary strokes, and occasionally in other posterior fossa strokes. Here we report a case of acute stroke that presented with contralesional eye deviation consistent with OLD due to inferior vermis stroke. To our knowledge, this presentation has not been reported before. Clinicians should be aware of potential ocular manifestations of posterior circulation strokes, as these syndromes may not generate significant NIHSS scores and may be missed.     

Neuroprotection of Everolimus Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats

BackgroundMammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism and integrates various signals under physiological and pathological conditions. Altered signaling of mTOR has been shown to play pathogenic roles in ischemic stroke. In the present study, the protective effect of everolimus, the selective mTOR inhibitor, in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke was evaluated.MethodsWistar rats were exposed to MCAO (30 min) followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Everolimus (100, and 500 µg/kg) was administered at the time of reperfusion, intraperitoneally. 24 h post operation, the neurological function, infarct volume, histopathological alterations and the markers of oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol levels were analyzed in the peri-infarct region.ResultsIn the rats subjected to MCAO, everolimus ameliorated neurological deficits, neuronal cell loss, and infarct volume, as compared to the stroke group. Also, everolimus significantly increased SOD activity and total thiol content, while markedly decreased the MDA level, as compared to MCAO group.ConclusionSingle-dose administration of everolimus significantly improved neurological deficits and inhibited cortical cell loss by enhancing redox status, subsequently protected cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.     

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Versus Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Post Stroke Dysphagia: A Clinical Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of high-frequency repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied contralesionally versus transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (TNES) in acute post-stroke dysphagic patients.Materials and methodsA randomized, parallel, comparative, controlled trial was conducted on patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to our department. Fifteen patients received rTMS, 15 patients received TNES, and 15 patients were recruited as a control group. Between the second and tenth days after a stroke, patients were enrolled. The study and follow-up periods were completed by all patients.ResultsAmong the screened patients, 45 (31.47%) right-handed patients were diagnosed with post-stroke dysphagia with a mean age of 60.53 ± 8.23 years. Immediately after intervention both rTMS and TNES groups significantly improve the swallowing disturbance questionnaire (SDQ) and penetration aspiration scale (PAS), compared to the control (p < 0.001 and p = 0.027), respectively. rTMS was more effective than TNES in reducing SDQ and PAS (p < 0.05). rTMS and TNES improved the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPRSRS) significantly (p = 0.002); however, their efficacy was comparable (p > 0.05). A significant (p < 0.001) strong negative correlation was observed between the grade of weakness and all scores.ConclusionOur findings showed that high-frequency rTMS and TNES effectively improved the clinical condition of acute post-stroke dysphagic patients in terms of swallowing disturbance assessed by SDQ, pharyngeal residue assessed by YPRSRS, and the severity of penetration and aspiration events evaluated by PAS, compared to the controls. The outcomes of high-frequency rTMS were more favorable than those of TNES in terms of SDQ and PAS.     

Downregulation of NF-κB by Shp-1 Alleviates Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis-Induced Brain Edema Via Suppression of AQP4

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel protein, has been well studied in arterial stroke-induced brain edema. However, the role of AQP4 in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) has not been reported. Here, we showed that AQP4 expression was increased in the brain of a rat CVST model, whereas inhibition of AQP4 decreased cerebral edema. Subsequent experiments showed that Shp-1 (Src homology 2-containing phosphatase-1) expression and NF-κB phosphorylation were upregulated after CVST. We found that Shp-1 inhibition resulted in enhancement of NF-κB activation and increased AQP4 expression accompanied by aggravated brain edema. We further showed that NF-κB inhibition led to decreased AQP4 expression and subsequent attenuation of brain edema but had no significant effect on Shp-1 expression. These results provide the first evidence suggesting that downregulation of NF-κB by Shp-1 alleviates CVST-induced brain edema through suppression of AQP4.     

阴道内镜技术在诊治无性生活女性宫内病变中的临床应用

目的分析及评估以阴道内镜技术治疗无性生活女性宫腔内疾病的临床效果。 方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2022年3月,73例无性生活女性行阴道内镜手术的完成情况、手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院时间、术中镜下诊断与术后病理情况、术后及随访情况。 结果73例患者均成功实施阴道内镜诊疗,其中宫腔镜下子宫肌瘤电切术34例、宫腔镜下宫颈息肉电切19例、宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉电切15例、宫腔镜下宫颈肌瘤电切3例、宫腔镜下生殖道畸形整形2例。73例手术均顺利完成,手术时间12~130 min,平均(54.2±30.0)min。平均术中出血量(12.4±16.0)ml。平均住院时间(3.6±1.9)d。术中镜下诊断,34例子宫肌瘤(其中FIGO 0型7例、FIGO 1型10例、FIGO 2型12例、FIGO 3型1例、弥漫性子宫肌瘤病4例)、19例宫颈息肉、15例子宫内膜息肉、3例宫颈肌瘤、2例生殖道畸形。所有患者无一例损伤处女膜及宫颈,无子宫穿孔、严重TURP等并发症。所有患者术后及随访过程中,无阴道异常分泌物、阴道异常出血、腹痛、发热等不良反应。 结论阴道内镜手术技术在有效治疗妇科下生殖道疾病的同时,可有效保护处女膜的完整性,对无性生活女性患者的身心健康均加以保护。     

神经调控技术的过去、现在和未来

神经调控技术是当前发展最快的医学领域之一,调控技术种类激增,适应症不断拓展,全球已有数十万脑功能性疾病患者从中获益,但也存在诸多不足,如神经调控机制尚不完全清楚,神经调控的最佳靶点长期存有争议,缺乏可靠的疗效预测指标及术后程控模式繁琐、效率低等。相信随着医工技术的不断发展进步及脑功能性疾病神经网络机制的逐渐揭示,未来神经调控技术将不断向个体化、精准化、智能化的方向飞速发展。本文将回顾神经调控技术的发展历史,并就其应用现状及未来发展进行总结和述评。     

Surgical management of persistent post-traumatic trans-tentorial brain hernia

IntroductionTemporal engagement may persist after etiologic surgical treatment of acute subdural hematoma (ASH) without clinical improvement despite normalized intracranial pressure (ICP). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of secondary direct temporal lobe disengagement (DTLD) after surgery for supratentorial ASH and to evaluate clinical outcome.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 4 patients undergoing secondary DTLD. Patient data were recorded at admission, pre- and postoperatively and at 6 months’ follow-up (FU): age, gender, Rotterdam score, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), neurological deficits, oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP), ICP, midline shift, complications and Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E).ResultsAt postoperative evaluation 48 h after DTLD, we observed a significant improvement in GCS score (initial 6 ± 3, preoperative 7 ± 3, postoperative 14 ± 1; P = 0.02), midline shift (initial 16 ± 3 mm, preoperative 13 ± 5 mm, postoperative 9 ± 2 mm; P = 0.049) and ONP (P = 0.01). In all cases, early postoperative imaging documented visualization of a patent ipsilateral peri-mesencephalic cistern. At 6-month FU, GOS-E showed 75% good recovery and 25% disability. Complete ONP recovery was observed in 75% of patients (P = 0.01). Neurological deficits were present at FU in 25% of patients. No surgery-related complications or mortality were recorded.ConclusionsIn traumatic brain injury, secondary DTLD may allow simple, effective and safe management of trans-tentorial uncal herniation, avoiding more challenging procedures. Clinical results are promising, as this technique seems to favorably influence neurological outcome in this selected subgroup of patients with persistent clinical and radiological signs of temporal engagement after etiological treatment with normal ICP values.     

开放手术治疗近肾腹主动脉闭塞的临床分析

背景与目的 近肾腹主动脉闭塞属于主髂动脉闭塞的极端情况,治疗相对棘手。尽管腔内治疗适用于此类患者,开放手术治疗仍有其适应证所在。本研究分析近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗的效果,并总结经验及其治疗策略。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院血管外科2018年7月—2022年5月期间行开放手术治疗的10例近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者的一般资料、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、腹主动脉阻断方式、肾上腹主动脉阻断时间、手术并发症、症状缓解程度及随访结果。结果 10例患者手术均顺利完成。手术时间210~420 min,中位手术时间为265 min;术中出血200~1 200 mL,中位出血量375 mL。3例行膈下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术,其中1例同时行右膝上截肢术;1例行膈下腹主动脉-双髂总动脉人工血管搭桥术,同时重建肠系膜下动脉;5例行肾下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术;1例行腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术并左颈动脉内膜剥脱术。膈下腹主动脉阻断4例,肾上肾下序贯腹主动脉阻断1例,肾下腹主动脉阻断4例。肾上腹主动脉阻断时间14~20 min,中位阻断时间20 min。围手术期无心脑血管意外、死亡、肾功能障碍及人工血管感染发生。10例患者术后双下肢间歇性跛行或静息痛症状均消失,双侧足背或胫后动脉搏动均可扪及。10例患者获随访4~40个月,中位随访时间27个月,随访期间桥血管均通畅、吻合口无狭窄、无下肢及肠道缺血表现。结论 近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗效果确切,桥血管远期通畅率高,需根据患者不同情况采取个体化的治疗方式。