核与辐射突发事件医学应急现场救援流程研究及探讨

目的：探讨实施迅速、有效的核与辐射突发事件医学应急现场救援,为我国核与辐射突发事件医学应急准备与响应提供参考。方法：根据国内外有关法律、法规和标准,以及本课题组多年来参与核与辐射突发事件医学应急准备与响应相关工作的经验和研究,进行救援工作的探讨。结果：介绍了核与辐射突发事件现场救援的原则、目的以及流程等。结论：针对核与辐射突发事件提出进一步加强核与辐射突发事件医学应急现场救援的相关建议。     

铅门跟随技术与铅门固定技术在直肠癌术前调强放疗中的剂量学比较

目的 研究固定射野动态调强放疗铅门跟随技术与铅门固定技术在直肠癌术前调强放疗中的剂量学差异.方法 采用两种治疗技术对10例直肠癌术前患者设计治疗计划.在95%体积的计划靶区(PTV)和计划肿瘤区(PGTV)满足处方剂量的前提下,尽量降低危及器官的剂量.比较两组治疗计划的剂量-体积直方图,评估靶区及危及器官的剂量分布.分别将两组治疗计划用电离室矩阵2D-Array 729和OCTAVIUS(PTW)模体进行剂量验证.结果 两组计划的靶区均达到临床处方剂量的要求.PTV和PGTV的最大剂量与平均剂量差异无统计学意义.铅门跟随动态调强计划中全身的V₅、V₁₀、V₂₀、V₃₀、V₄₀、D_mean以及双侧股骨头、膀胱、小肠的V₁₀、V₂₀、V₃₀和D_mean均低于铅门固定动态调强计划的相应值,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.32~12.24,P<0.05);双侧股骨头、膀胱、小肠的V₄₀以及D_max差异无统计学意义.采用γ-2D分析两组计划的通过率,两组计划均通过剂量验证.结论 直肠癌术前放疗患者采用固定射野动态调强放疗铅门跟随技术与铅门固定技术两种技术,其靶区和危及器官受量均能满足临床治疗要求,而铅门跟随技术能够更好地降低正常组织和危及器官的低剂量照射.     

Dosimetric Comparative Study of 3 Different Postoperative Radiotherapy Techniques (3D-CRT,IMRT, and RapidArc) for II–III Stage Rectal Cancer

Postoperative radiotherapy is critical for reducing local relapse for advanced rectal carcinoma but has many side effects. Our study compared the dose distribution of target volumes, protection of normal organs at risk (OAR), and monitor unit (MU) for 3 radiotherapy techniques (3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy [3D-CRT], intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT], and RapidArc (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA)). The results advocate for the clinical application of RapidArc technique in the future.Thirty postoperative patients with rectal cancer were enrolled. The 3 radiotherapy plans mentioned above were designed for each patient. The target volume coverage indicators included average dose, conformity index (CI), and homogeneity index (HI) of planning tumor volume (PTV). OAR included the bladder, small intestine, colon, and bilateral proximal femurs. The 30 patients were divided into 3 groups (10 cases in each group) for postoperative radiotherapy with the 3D-CRT, IMRT, or RapidArc technique, respectively.Both the IMRT and RapidArc plans have a significantly higher average PTV dose and better CI and HI (P < 0.01) than 3D-CRT. IMRT and RapidArc result in significantly lower doses of irradiation for all the OAR examined. Both the IMRT and RapidArc plans have a significantly lower V40 of the bladder, small intestine, and colon than 3D-CRT (P < 0.01). The IMRT and RapidArc plans can also reduce the maximum dose (Dmax) for the left proximal femur, V30, and V40 of bilateral proximal femurs compared with 3D-CRT (P < 0.01). Compared with IMRT, RapidArc can further reduce the Dmax of the small intestine, the Dmax and V30 of the bilateral proximal femurs, and the V40 of the right proximal femur (P < 0.01). RapidArc reduces MU remarkably compared with IMRT (P < 0.01). Regarding acute side effects, IMRT and RapidArc can greatly reduce the incidence of grade 3 radiation-induced cystitis and grade 2 enteritis.Both IMRT and RapidArc are better than 3D-CRT regarding PTV coverage and OAR protection. Furthermore, RapidArc is superior to IMRT regarding protection of the small intestine and bilateral proximal femurs and requires a reduced treatment time. RapidArc could be widely applied for postoperative radiotherapy for patients with ΙΙ–ΙΙΙ stage rectal cancer.     

Clinical report of three cases of acute radiation sickness from a (60)Co radiation accident in Henan Province in China

On 26 April 1999, three persons were accidentally exposed by high dose (60)Co irradiation. They suffered from severe (one case) or moderate (two cases) hemopoietic form of acute radiation sickness (ARS). As part of the comprehensive treatment, strict reverse isolation and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) therapy were applied. All the patients recovered after an appropriate treatment for 83 days. In our experience, the correct diagnosis and effective treatment at an early stage proved to be helpful to the patients in pulling out from the critical stage of acute radiation sickness. To avoid menstruation by the female patient just in the critical stage, we modified her menstruation cycle by testosterone. In our view, GM-CSF should be given as early as possible with enough dosage for promoting early hematological reconstruction. The experience obtained from the medical management of these patients is valuable for the treatment of such patients in the future.     

System and capability of public health response to nuclear or radiological emergencies in China

In order to respond to nuclear or radiological emergencies effectively and protect the physical and mental health of the public, the national-, provincial-, municipal- and county-level public health response systems for nuclear or radiological emergencies had been established in China by the end of twentieth century. The health administrative departments at all levels have established professional emergency response teams, continue to improve their own level of emergency response systems and operating mechanisms, enhance the capabilities of radiation injury treatment, radiation monitoring and protection through training and exercises and also pay attention to the logistical support for emergency response. In this article the organizations, management system and capabilities of public health response to nuclear or radiological emergencies in China are briefly introduced. We try to strengthen information exchange and cooperation with foreign counterparts in this field in the future, so as to jointly promote the development of preparedness and response for nuclear or radiological emergencies.     

医用加速器机房屏蔽设计的验证研究

目的：依据国际原子能机构（IAEA）第47号报告要求,验证一台6 MV医用电子直线加速器机房放射防护设计的可靠性,并按最优化原则提出具体的防护建议和改进措施,给出医用电子直线加速器机房屏蔽设计的计算方法。方法：按照IAEA第47号报告中给出的计算方法及公式,对加速器机房屏蔽厚度进行计算,将计算结果与原设计方案进行对比分析,并根据现场检测结果对人员可能接受的辐射剂量进行评价,给出对比结果。结果：经现场检测,其防护效果符合国家标准。结论：通过理论计算与现场检测结果的比较,验证了理论计算方法的正确性。     

核应急和放射应急医学准备与响应

核应急和放射应急医学准备与响应是核和放射应急工作的重要组成部分。卫生部负责全国核应急和放射应急医学救援的组织协调工作,组织建立了国家核应急和放射应急医学救援体系,组织开展了一系列有关核和放射应急医学救援的技术准备工作。概要阐述了近年来卫生部门在核应急和放射应急医学救援准备与响应方面开展的工作。