Paediatric admissions to a district general hospital intensive care unit

The characteristics of all the paediatric admissions made to a district general hospital over a three-year period were analysed in this study. Paediatric admissions averaged 23 per year (10% of the total admissions to the unit over that time). The mean age was six years, median age was four years. Sixty-two per cent were medical admissions and 38% surgical. Forty-seven per cent of the surgical admissions involved head injuries. Seventy-four per cent of medical admissions were directly related to upper and lower airway problems. Mean total admission time was six days, with a median of two days. Fifty-nine per cent (40) of all cases required intubation for a mean period of five days (median = three days). All cases were PRISM scored (Pollack, Ruttimann & Getson 1988). The mean score was 8. Ninety-four percent of admissions surviving to go home. There were a total of four deaths over the three-year period. The PRISM scores of those who died had a mean of 30, which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the survivors who had a mean PRISM score of six and a median of four. The organs of one of the nonsurvivors were transplanted. Currently there is considerable interest in the feasibility of transferring all paediatric intensive care patients to a regional centre, the consequences of such a policy must be carefully assessed if its implementation is to be a success.     

早发型败血症早产儿脐血培养价值研究

背景　新生儿败血症是导致早产儿死亡的主要原因之一,尤其是早发型败血症（EOS）,因此早诊断、及时治疗尤为重要。血培养是诊断败血症的金标准,但新生儿外周血采血量有限,而脐血作为新生儿出生后最早的血液标本,血量充分,且收集方便。目的　探讨EOS早产儿脐血培养的临床应用价值,同时观察脐血培养阳性患儿炎性指标变化,以期为EOS的临床治疗提供依据。方法　选取天津医科大学第二医院2018年6月-2019年6月疑似或确诊宫内感染的产妇及其早产儿（胎龄≤37周）共150对,其中102例早产儿诊断为EOS,48例早产儿未诊断为EOS。于早产儿出生后即刻留取脐血,出生后24 h内留取外周静脉血,行血培养。分别于EOS患儿出生后0~<24、24~<48、48~72 h检测炎性指标〔超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、降钙素原（PCT）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PLT）〕,比较脐血培养阳性与脐血培养阴性EOS患儿不同时间炎性指标。EOS患儿脐血、外周血培养报警阳性后,进行脐血、外周血细菌鉴定。结果　EOS患儿脐血培养阳性率〔19.6%（20/102）〕与外周血培养阳性率〔16.7%（17/102）〕比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。非EOS患儿脐血、外周血培养阳性率均为0。脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后0~<24、24~<48、48~72 h hs-CRP、PCT高于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）;脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后0~<24 h WBC低于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）;脐血培养阳性EOS患儿出生后48~72 h PLT低于脐血培养阴性EOS患儿（P<0.05）。EOS患儿脐血培养共鉴定出20株致病菌,其中革兰阳性菌15株（包括葡萄球菌10株、单核细胞增生李斯特菌3株、无乳链球菌2株）,革兰阴性菌5株（包括大肠埃希菌3株、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种1株、鲍曼不动杆菌1株）。EOS患儿外周血培养共鉴定出17株致病菌,其中15例患儿外周血培养鉴定结果与脐血培养鉴定结果一致。结论　EOS患儿脐血培养阳性率与外周血培养阳性率相似,但脐血取血方便,留血量充分,有利于进行EOS的诊断。新生儿出生后若hs-CRP、PCT升高,WBC、PLT降低,提示可能存在EOS,可酌情调整抗生素用药,并依据细菌培养结果及时确定抗感染疗程及进一步诊治方案。     

阿昔洛韦静脉滴注致婴幼儿血管坏死及周边皮肤溃烂临床分析

病毒性脑炎是指由各种病毒感染导致的颅内脑实质炎症,是小儿重症病房内常见的中枢神经系统感染性疾病。阿昔洛韦是一种广谱高效的抗病毒药物,是目前临床上治疗儿童病毒性脑炎的首选药物,其可明显改善患儿的临床症状,降低并发症的发生率。然而药物在使用过程中,偶尔伴有轻重不一的不良反应,其中最常见的不良反应包括肾脏损害、胃肠道反应、过敏反应以及静脉炎。本文通过报道2例病毒性脑炎患儿在使用阿昔洛韦静脉滴注治疗过程中,发生的较为罕见的血管坏死及周边皮肤溃烂情况,分析并总结该不良反应发生的原因及可能的药物机制,同时为临床上今后应对类似的不良反应提供护理经验,改善患儿的预后。     

纳洛酮对脑出血大鼠抓握能力的改善及血清S100B水平的影响

目的：探讨纳洛酮对脑出血大鼠抓握能力的改善及血清S100B水平的影响，为其临床应用提供理论依据。方法：40只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组，手术组，纳洛酮组，脑复康组，参照Rosenberg法制作大鼠脑出血模型，造模第二天测定大鼠抓握能力，用ELISA法检测造模后24小时及48小时血清S100B水平。结果：（1）纳洛酮组大鼠抓握能力明显好于手术组，两者比较有显著差异（P<0.05）。（2）纳洛酮组大鼠血清S100B水平明显低于手术组, 两者比较有显著差异（P<0.05）。结论：纳洛酮能明显改善脑出血大鼠抓握能力，降低血清S100B水平，具有神经保护作用。     

Melatonin production in infants

This study investigated the relationships of the excretion of the melatonin metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, to prenatal, natal, and postnatal variables and its possible relation to psychomotor development. nocturnal urinary excretion of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin was studied over a 13-hour period in 355 term infants at 8 weeks of age (n = 320) and 16 weeks of age (n = 96). data on a variety of perinatal factors including pregnancy course, delivery, early postnatal course, birth weight, medical problems, growth (length, weight, and head circumference), and psychomotor development were collected at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months. the relationship between nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion at 8 and 16 weeks of age and these factors was investigated and analyzed. 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels at 16 weeks of age were significantly lower in infants with abnormal vs normal development at 3 months of age (7.27 + 1.44 vs 7.97 + 1.06, p = 0.05) as well as at 6 months of age (7.15 + 1.29 vs 7.95 + 1.10, p = 0.04). no other significant relation was evident among growth, perinatal complications, medical problems, and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion at 8 weeks of age and at 16 weeks of age. low melatonin excretion in the first weeks of life correlates with delayed psychomotor achievements at 3 and 6 months of age. this association suggests a causal or predictive link between melatonin and neurodevelopment in infants.     

Peri-operative risk factors for acute lung injury after elective oesophagectomy

Acute lung injury after oesophagectomy is well recognized butthe risk factors associated with its development are poorlydefined. We analysed retrospectively the effect of a numberof pre-, peri- and post-operative risk factors on the developmentof lung injury in 168 patients after elective oesophagectomyperformed at a single centre. The acute respiratory distresssyndrome (ARDS) developed in 14.5% of patients and acute lunginjury in 23.8%. Mortality in patients developing ARDS was 50%compared with 3.5% in the remainder. Features associated withthe development of ARDS included a low pre-operative body massindex, a history of cigarette smoking, the experience of thesurgeon, the duration of both the operation and of one-lungventilation, and the occurrence of a post-operative anastomoticleak. Peri-operative cardiorespiratory instability (measuredby peri-operative hypoxaemia, hypotension, fluid and blood requirementsand the need for inotropic support) was also associated withARDS. Acute lung injury after elective oesophagectomy is associatedwith intraoperative cardiorespiratory instability. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 633–8     

Severe Sequelae of Group B Streptococcal (Streptococcus Agalactiae) Meningitis in an 82-year-old Man

Abstract : Group B Streptococcal (GBS) meningitis is rare in adults, and only 2 cases have been reported in Japan. Here we report GBS meningitis in an 82-year-old man. The patient with a history of colon cancer developed a high fever and severe headache, and was taken to our hospital several hours later. On admission he was semi-comatose, light and corneal reflexes were normal, his neck was only mildly stiff. He was then on a respirator due to status epilepticus. Cerebrospinal fluid examination demonstrated marked pleocytoisis (46,2507/μ1, mostly polymorphonuclear cells) and GBS. With intensive care and antibiotic therapy, he regained consciousness 10 days later. However, he suffered severe dementia, hearing loss, limb muscle atrophy, and urinary retention in the chronic stage of the disease. Although survivors of adult GBS meningitis are reported to be free of severe neurologic sequelae, factors such as being the oldest patient among the reported cases, the premorbid malignancy and the marked inflammation were considered to be related to the severe neurologic sequelae in the present case.     

Effects of portal vein arterialization on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat

Although portal venous supply is considered essential to preserve hepatic integrity, in this study, effects of portal arterialization on liver regeneration were evaluated in a rat model of partial hepatectomy (PH). Ninety-six Lewis rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 24 rats each: PH only (group 1), PH with either venous or arterialized portal supply (groups 2 and 3, respectively), and PH without portal supply (group 4). Liver regeneration rate (LRR), 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index, and liver biological characteristics were assessed on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Compared with group 1, all tested rats had a marked body weight loss after surgery, and only rats in group 4 showed no signs of recovery on day 7. With maintained portal inflow (groups 1, 2, and 3), LRRs increased steadily to day-7 values of 89.2% [plusmn] 11.8%, 81.4% [plusmn] 8%, and 77.4% [plusmn] 9.4%, respectively (P = not significant), and 24-hour peak values of BrdU labeling index were 159 [plusmn] 26, 157 [plusmn] 42, and 149 [plusmn] 48, respectively (P = not significant). Conversely, rats deprived of portal supply (group 4) showed profound inhibition of these two parameters (14 [plusmn] 13; P [lt ] .01;32.1% [plusmn] 7.7%; P [lt ] .001, respectively). These results indicate that proper portal blood supply is essential to initiate and maintain liver regeneration after PH. With an equivalent portal inflow rate of either venous or arterial source, the hepatic regeneration response can be sustained. (Liver Transpl 2002;8:146-152.)     

食管压指导呼气末正压滴定对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者早期预后影响的Meta分析

背景　急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是常见的引起重症监护室内患者死亡的疾病,机械通气是维持患者生命的主要支持手段。通气策略与患者预后密切相关,目前通过食管压指导呼气末正压（PEEP）滴定的机械通气策略对ARDS患者早期预后的影响尚存争议。目的　评价食管压指导PEEP滴定与高PEEP相比对ARDS患者早期预后的影响。方法　计算机检索PubMed、EMBase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台及维普数据库自建库至2020-06-18所有公开发表的关于食管压指导PEEP滴定方案治疗ARDS患者的随机对照试验（RCT）,并对纳入文献的参考文献进行引证索引。试验组为常规治疗加食管压指导PEEP滴定方案的机械通气,对照组为常规治疗加临床推荐的高PEEP指导的机械通气;结局指标：主要结局指标（28 d死亡风险）、次要结局指标（氧合指数、PEEP、机械通气天数）。按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献并对纳入的文献进行质量评价,数据分析应用Stata 16.0软件及Rev Man5.3软件。结果　共13篇文献符合纳入标准,中文文献9篇、英文文献4篇,其中12篇单中心RCT,1篇多中心RCT,共800例患者。试验组患者28 d死亡率低于对照组〔OR=0.55,95%CI（0.39,0.79）,P=0.001〕。试验组患者氧合指数高于对照组〔SMD=1.86,95%CI（1.65,2.08）,P<0.000 01〕。试验组患者PEEP高于对照组〔SMD=1.27,95%CI（1.04,1.51）,P<0.000 01〕。试验组患者机械通气天数少于对照组〔SMD=-1.51,95%CI（-1.79,-1.22）,P<0.000 01〕。结论　食管压指导PEEP滴定可以降低ARDS患者28 d的死亡风险,改善患者临床症状,对ARDS患者早期预后具有积极意义,推荐在ARDS患者机械通气管理中使用食管测压。